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Microsoft Windows : Tameẓla gar ileqman

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Ajerriḍ 1:
Windows (s tseklant "isfuyla" s tutlayt taglizit) d yiwet n tseddaṛt n [[Anagraw n wammud|inagramen n wammud]] idi fresd-tefres [[Microsoft]] iy selkimen imṣudan PC. D win id yarnan deffir [[MS DOS]].
Seg segwasen 1990 ''(agim, tza twines d tzat)'' , d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, id yemmugren arbaḥ ameqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas imasraken n-iselkimen iwakken ad sveddayen deg furas-nsen ala Windows 95 neɣ muyaf asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.▼
 
▲Seg segwaseniseggasen 1990 ''(agim, tza twines d tzat)'' , d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, idi d-yemmugren arbaḥ ameqṛanameqqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag -ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas imasraken n- iselkimen iwakken ad sveddayensbeddayen deg furas-nsen ala Windows 95 neɣ muyaf -asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.
taseddaṛt n Windows degs aṭas ifurkawen:▼
 
* Afurk amenzu, d win umi neqqar afurk 16 ''(mraw sed)'' ibitten, iɣum Windows si lqem 1 ar 3.11 (3.2 s [[Tacinwatt|tcinwatt]]), Ifɣed asegwas n 1985 ''(mraw tza twines d tamet sem)'', ileḥḥu (itedddu) kan deg selkimen imṣudan PC, uqqin 16 ibitten.▼
▲taseddaṛt n Windows degsdeg-s aṭas ifurkawen:
* Afurk wissin, umi qqaren afurk Windows NT (Windows NT 3.1, NT 4.O, arnu Windows 2000), ifɣed di 1993. D taneflit id yalsen (iɛawden) seg ulac, ittwaxdem iy selkimen n yemdanen d iqeddacen d iselkimen imyagwan PC. Di tazwara llan seqdacent tmettiwin.
▲* Afurk amenzu, d win umi neqqar afurk 16 ''(mraw sed)'' ibitten, iɣum Windows si lqem 1 ar 3.11 (3.2 s [[Tacinwatt|tcinwatt]]), IfɣedYeffeɣ-d asegwasaseggas n 1985 ''(mraw tza twines d tamet sem)'', ileḥḥu (itedddu) kan deg selkimen imṣudan PC, uqqin 16 ibitten.
Di 2001 Windows XP yeffɣed, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen marra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.▼
* Afurk wis kraḍsin, umi qqaren tikwal afurk Windows 9x,NT yefɣed(Windows asegwasNT n 19953.1, idderNT s-umsaday d ufurk NT4.O, Afurkarnu agiWindows yevda2000), yeffeɣ-d Windowsdi 95,1993. yarnadD fellastaneflit Windows 98i d-yalsen Windows Me. Yettwassen aṭas(iɛawden) seg imdanenulac, yarnayettwaxdem yusadiy iwakkenselkimen adn yeṭṭefyemdanen amḍiqd niqeddacen ufurkd amenzu,iselkimen yellaimyagwan d-afurkPC. amezwaruDi stazwara 32llan ibittenseqdacent tmettiwin.
▲Di 2001 Windows XP yeffɣedyeffeɣ-d, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen marramerra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.
* Afurk wis kuz, umi qqaren afurk Windows CE, yefɣed asegwas n 1996. Yusad akken ad yeddu deg inagrawen yettwabban d warrumen fssusen n ufus (tilifun (teleɣri) ufus). d netta id azadur n Windows Mobile d Pocket PC.▼
* Afurk wis kraḍ, umi qqaren tikkal afurk Windows 9x, yeffeɣ-d aseggas n 1995, idder s umsaday d ufurk NT. Afurk agi yebda d Windows 95, yerna-d fell-as Windows 98 d Windows Me. Yettwassen aṭas seg imdanen, yerna yusa-d iwakken ad yeṭṭef amḍiq n ufurk amenzu, yella d afurk amezwaru s 32 ibitten.
▲* Afurk wis kuz, umi qqaren afurk Windows CE, yefɣedyeffeɣ-d asegwasaseggas n 1996. Yusad akken ad yeddu deg inagrawen yettwabban d warrumen fssusen n ufus (tilifun (teleɣri) ufus). d netta id azadur n Windows Mobile d Pocket PC.
 
== Ifurkawen itikniken n Windows ==
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* Windows i Workgroups 3.2 (lqem acinwat n Windows i Workgroups 3.11) : …
 
Ileqmen imezwura n Windows ttwasekkaren si DOS, sseqdacen anagraw n ifuyla n DOS. Sinna Windows tsekcmedtsekcem-d kra n twura n [[Anagraw n wammud|unagraw n wammud]], am umasal n uselkam n yimanis, asefrek n ukala multitaches, asefrek n tkatut tahlist d inuḍafen iw sefrek n ubeqqeḍ, asiggez, anasiw, imesli ... d wiyaḍ. Windows 2.10 i 386 yuǧwed ula d netta seg iketturen n Intel 80386, am usersi n yiɣes s uqqin imesten d uselkem n ahilen DOS di tmacinin tuhlisin s uqqin 8086.
 
Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n [[IBM]] naɣneɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq anad eǧǧneǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen idi d-ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi.▼
 
▲Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n [[IBM]] naɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq an eǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen id ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi.
si Windows 95, agrudem udlif yuɣal susmenzi d-amadraw n MS-DOS. Dayen id yessekren ugur ger Caldera, ig llan d-amaẓrag n DR-DOS di lawan nni, yettaǧǧan daɣen Windows ad yelḥu, d Windows.
 
Si [[Windows XP]], nezmer ad nini dakken DOS dayen iruḥ yark seg [[Anagraw n wammud|inagrawen n wammud]] n Microsoft, maca talalt ines tezmer adili.
 
Ligne 42 ⟶ 45 :
 
A laǧay n yiɣes n NT meẓẓiyen aṭas d ugar n useqdec n wahilen ddaw MS-DOS, Microsoft tẓerged yiwen [[Anagraw n wammud|unagraw n wammud]] iwakken ad yettwaseqdac sɣuṛ yemdanen maṛṛa, d win id yebwin tiɣerwan yelhan n Windows NT u yeqqim d-amṣadan d-ileqman imenza n Windows d MS-DOS.
Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d-[[Anagraw n wammud|anagraw n wammud]] amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.▼
 
▲Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d- [[Anagraw n wammud|anagraw n wammud]] amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.
Lqem agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan nni n tneflit ines s yisem n "Chicago" u yefɣed s yisem n Windows 95, yemmugred tinemhazin timeqṛanin, garasent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), igeǧǧan [[Anagraw n wammud|inagrawen n wammud]] n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla. ▼
 
Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad suffaɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 naɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken att qazem ugur agi.▼
▲Lqem -agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan -nni n tneflit -ines s yisem n "Chicago" u yefɣedyeffeɣ-d s yisem n Windows 95, yemmugredyemmuger-d tinemhazin timeqṛanintimeqqṛanin, garasentgar-asent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), igeǧǧani yeǧǧan [[Anagraw n wammud|inagrawen n wammud]] n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla.
▲Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqṛanameqqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad suffaɣtsuffeɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 naɣneɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken attad qazemtqazem ugur agi.
 
== Afurk Windows NT ==
Yettwakkes-d seg "https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"