Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin d amusnaw n umezruy agaman, d amesnakal[1] Abṛitan ilul g tmurt n Unegliz deg wass n 12 fuṛaṛ 1809 di Shrewsbury. Yukkes (yemmut) deg wass n 19 yebrir 1882. Yekker-d deg twacult tussnant, baba-s Robert Darwin yella d amessuji ma d dadda-s (jeddi-s) Erasmus Darwin yella d amessengam yerna d amaskar, Charles Darwin yell-d (ikeseb-d) tamusni-ynes s wesnulfu n teẓri n temhazt i d-yeqqaren d akken yakk imuddiren i d-yellan deg teɣzi n umezruy kkan-d yakk seg yiwen n uẓar,[2]. Akken i d-issumer tiẓri i d-yeqqaren d akken inawen-a yebṭan s temhazt mmugen-d s usrag (ssebba) n yiwet n temhalt umi yessemma afran agaman.
Imenɣi i lmend n weslak daɣen ila (yesɛa) yiwen n usemdu n wefran amguran yettekkayen deg umyaraw ufrin n imuddiren.[3]. S wannay n imuddiren, Darwin yegra-d tazrawt i wesmuti (abeddel) i d-yettilin deg imuddiren sɣur n tdermisin. Deg useggas 1838 yessnefli tiẓri-ynes (afran agaman) yettwassnen acku yeẓṛa d acu i d uguren id tezmer ad teglu yissen tiẓri ayyi aladɣa deg wammas n yimasɣanen. ɣef wanect-a i yeǧǧa tiẓri-ynes d tuffirt deg tazwara ifesr-it gar n wayyawen-is kan. Deg wakud anda iy ssemd tigmayin-is (ikemmel inadiyen-is) i wakken ad iheggi tiririyin ɣef tsentilin i yettṛaǧu af teẓri-ynes. Deg useggas n 1858 yewweṭ-as-d isali i Darwin d akken yiwen n wergaz isem-is Alfred Russel Wallace ixeddem ɣef yiwet n teẓri yemmugen am teẓri-ynes ayen yeǧǧan Darwin ad yefser igemmad n tegmayin-is imir-nni yakan
Darwin yettumeggez d asnudran yettwassnen yakk, Dɣa yesseker-d aṭas n yidlisen deg tɣult n tesnudert d acu kan tiẓri ayyi tegla-d s waṭas n yizɣanen aladɣa deg tlemmast n imasɣanen (imrabṭen n ddin) deg umadal yakk.
Deg wayen umi yessemma assaɣ imezli, Darwin yeqqim deg uɣilif i wakken ad yaf assaɣ-a iy teqqnen kar n wemdan atrar d yebka, deg useggas n 1859 ifser tiẓri n temhazt s yinzaten uzmiren (ijehden) deg wedlis n aẓaṛ n telmas ayen id t-iǧǧan ad yerna (ad yeɣleb) tugit i d-immuger deg wammas n tmetti tussnant ɣef tiẓri ayyi.[4][5]. Timetti tussnant d tin yeddgen (iqeblen) tiẓri n temhazt d tin yellan s tidet deg useggas n 1870 maca aṭas deg-sen llan d wid iy smenyifiyen issegza niden alammi i d-telfa tuddsa tanamhazt tatrart (1930 - 1950) anda i d-yella umtawa meqqren d akken taɣlelt tagamant tella d amsedday agejdan i temhazt.[6][7]. S tsileɣt niden, Asnirem ussnan n Darwin tga d tiẓri tameslugant i tussniwin tisnudranin yakk akken i d-tessegzay i tugta yellan deg-s.[8][9]
Anezgum-is ɣer twennaṭ i d-illan deg temẓi-ynes yessedda-t ad yeǧǧ tazrawt-is tasnajjyant deg tseddawit n Edinburg, Acku deg wadeg n tezrawt n tesnujjya yegra tallelt deg tezrawin n tseddawit n Edinburg ɣef termaɣlalin tiwlalin ayen yesnernan g tayri-nes i tussniwin tigamanin[10]
- ↑ Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James; Browne, Janet (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7176.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Talɣa:Tanagit n Harvard war tacciwin
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- ↑ Talɣa:Tanagit s Harvard war tacciwin
- ↑ Talɣa:Tanagit s Harvard war tacciwin
- ↑ The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography. darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved 2006-12-15
Talɣa:Taganit s Harvard war tacciwin Archived 2018-02-21 at the Wayback Machine - ↑ As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "The Origin of Species has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Talɣa:Tanagit s Harvard war tacciwin