Aselway n tegduda tatunsit
Aselway n tegduda tatunsit d aɣella n Uwanak n Tagduda tatunsit seg assebded n tawuri ass n 25 yulyu 1957. Deg uzwel agi, yeḍebber adabu aselkam s unabaḍ yetsselwayen sɣur aɣella n unabaḍ. Ɣef leḥsab n umagrad 77 n Tamenḍawt tagdudant n wass n 10 fuṛaṛ 2014, yeḍebber daɣen anzaḍ aɛlayan n tidusiyin yettwassemregen.
Ɣef leḥsab n Tamenḍawt, yetwafren s afran ameɣradi srid i anna n semmus iseggasen, ayzmaynu yiwet tikkelt kan. Seg assebded n tawuri, aten-id wid yeṭṭfen amkan nni :
- Ḥabib Burgiba, armi i tid stixeren ass n 7 wamber 1987 sakkin kraḍt n tmerwin n udabu (ɣef ljal n uddad ines n tadawsa, aseqqamu n imsujjiyen yenna-d, ur yezmer ara ad yekemmel deg tiwura ines) ;
- Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli, Aneɣlaf amezwaru aneggaru n Uselway Burgiba yeṭṭfen amahil agi am amekki alma d tifernin tinsiadin n 1989 dɣa yettwafren s umgerrad ameqran ;
- Fuɛad Mebazɛa, aselway n taxxamt n imazanen, yetwasseɣret aselway deg imedzi sɣur Aseqqamu amenḍawan ass n 15 yennayer 2011 sakkin tagrawla ;
- Munsef Marzuqi, yettwafren aselway sɣur Agraw ismatteran, i tallit n tukkit yettaweyn ar asaselgam n Tamenḍawt tamaynut.
- Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagdayar afran ameɣradi deg umezruy n Tunes, sakkin tafrent n 2014.
Burgiba dɣa Ben Ɛli sselwayen daɣen akabar deg udabu, yettwasemman Amay-Dustuṛ, Akabar anemlay adustuṛi dɣa Amsegraw amenḍawan amagday, seg azarug deg useggas 1956 ar tagrawla n 2011.
Taneṣlit
ẓregAkabar amezwaru aɣelnaẓri, Dustuṛ, yettwassebdeden deg useggas 1920[1] yebɣa yakan asaselgam n yiwet tamenḍawt id tḍwelen ar tanaya timeẓwit dɣa imenzayen n udabu amagday war ad ḍḍesen ar umenzay n tagelda. Akkw am Amay-Dustuṛ yexeddmen agzam deg useggas 1934 ddaw tamehla n Ḥabib Burgiba, yettkemmel ad yessenfali tabbanit ines i unhil yellan deg tawuri[2]. Aswir n Umay-Dustuṛ yellan di Sfax seg 15 ar 18 wamber 1955[3] yesnezgem :
| “ | Ilaq ad xeddmen s tuɛjilt tifranin timuta timagdayin i timdinin dɣa i agraw ismatteran ad yessebdeden tamenḍawt ad yefken tabadut i unhil anabḍan n tamurt ɣef llsas n tagelda tamenḍawant, slan-d ay d agdud iman-is id taɣbalut n tanaya id yettexdem sɣur amni yetwassuddesen s ugraw awḥid yettwafrenen deg ufran ameɣradi srid deg uqader n umenzay n umsebḍu n iduba amsaḍuf, aselkam d aɣedman[2]. | ” |
Ɣef afermes n unhil sɣur amezdaɣ, Muḥsen Tumi yura :
| “ | Ameslay ɣef tagelda, d timenna n bezzaf. Tamɣarit taḥusinit d tiwaculin n isenbaren i zzin ɣur-es, s laṣel aṭerki am nettat (deg tilawt, d iderfiyen iqedcen i Amenkud aɛetmani am aken nejlan ar tilisa n utaram) ur d ttwaɛqilen ara deg tmurt nni dɣa tamurt ur d ttwaɛqel ara deg « imamaden » agi n tiwsiyin i zemren ad siwelen i ignan ibeṛṛaniyen iwakken ad ssensen tinekriwin. Imeggufsa, imenhawen dɣa imwaryasen, d nitni akkw d iqriben nsen yellan deg taneṣlit n tasehrest taṛumit (tafṛensist) dɣa ḥebsen akken i zemren tikli ɣer uzarug[2]. | ” |
Ihi, imi id yettwakmer kan id yezmel Lamine Bey ass n 29 dujamber 1955 tanaḍt id yesawelen ar tafrent n Ugraw ismatteran[2],[4]. Mɣar sakkin azarug d tafrent n Ugraw, tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ yessegrew ass n 10 yebrir 1956 yeḥettem agellid ad as yinni i Burgiba ad yessileɣ anabaḍ amezwaru n Tunes tazarugt. Ihi Burgiba yeddem amazrar n isuḍaf am taggara n iglamen n tawacult taḥusinit (tanaḍt n 31 mayyu 1956)[5] neɣ tadbelt n taɣult tusligt n umuɣ aɣarim n bey (amarud amseggas id ttwafken i akkw imaslaḍen n tawacult tabeylikalt (taɛetmanit)) daɣen taɣult n uqacuc sɣur yiwen anedbal yetxeddmen deg aɣlif n teẓraf. Charles Debbasch yura ɣef waya:
| “ | Imḍebbren n Amay-Dustuṛ fehmen cwit cwit belli tilint n bey ar uqerru n Uwanak d iɣiz ar umenzay n tadukli. Cwit cwit, iɣellaten n ukabar amay-adustuṛi ssenqesen akkw lfaydat tiɛetmaniyin, d-acu ihi d nnfeɛ n bey, acku netta mačči d amay-adustuṛi ?[2]. | ” |
I lmend n umulli wis sin n tuqqla ines ar Tunes, ass n 1 yunyu 1957, Ḥabib Burgiba yebɣa ad yesseɣret Tagduda, maca tazɣint n assaɣen iṛumiyen-itunsiyen id yussan seg uḥbas n tallalt n teẓraf n Fransa, yetwexxer tadyant[5]. Ass n {22 yulyu]], tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ tesseɣret taseɣra n imazanen n Agraw ismatteran ar tiɣimit tafeɣnamit yettwassuddsen ass n 25 yulyu[6]. Tiɣimit tebedda af 9 h 23 deg tazeɣɣa n usgeld n leqṣer n Bardo ddaw taselwit n Ǧelluli Fares d tihawt n tafekka tadiplumatit[7]. Aneɣlaf amezwaru Ḥabib Burgiba d imaslaḍen n unabaḍ ines, slid Becir Ben Yahmed ur llan ara d awamni, qqimen ɣef uɣalad n imaslaḍen. Imi-d yeldi tiɣimit, Fares yederrer belli imaslaḍen ilaq ad innin anta talɣa is ilaqen i unhil. Ahmed Ben Salah, anmazul n uselway n Ugraw, yenna-d tidmi ines akagi :
| “ | Ilaq Awanak ad yessderfi seg uzaglu id yewṛet seg izri, waya yezmer kan ad yesmuḍḍef azarug n tmurt dɣa tanaya n ugdud atunsi. Ulac ccek, an ili ass agi nerẓem seg izemmal n unhil aqdim. Ur yezmir ad yili agellid deg tamurt agi, dɣa lebɣi n ugdud d uɣris. Tasuta nneɣ tettweṛebbi deg usekkud n Amay-Dustuṛ, tebɣa tilelli, talwit d lehna. Ilaq an faṛes s tanaya nneɣ tuɣridt dɣa war abeḍḍu. Imi yella imenɣi, nella yakan ddaw anhil agdudan, acku deg tallit nni, llant snat timura Tunes, yiwet tasugnant, tayeḍ n tidet. Tagduda tella yakan di Tunes ddaw tawaralgamit ; ilaq-aɣ ass agi at-id-n ssuḍef[7]. | ” |
Awalen agi ttwasergegen sɣur tigermanin tidfirin. Af 15 h 30, Burgiba yebeḍḍa aẓmaẓ anarray n umnakel n beys, yerduten af ddell d taxendallast. Yeffuk deg tagara s taseɣrut n Tagduda:
| “ | Agdud atunsi yegwed ar tafesna n tananya tamsewdagt iwakken ad yaɣ assefrek n iweẓla ines. Ẓriɣ acḥal yeḥmmel iyi. Kra snezgemen zemreɣ ad cceɣleɣ i lmektub ines (n Tunes). Maca aqader i sɛiɣ i ugdud atunsi d ameqran armi ur bɣiɣ ara ad yesɛu akerwa dɣa yella yiwen afran kan i zemreɣ ad-as-efkeɣ, d win n Tagduda[6]. | ” |
Deg taggara, afran s unemzel yeser anhil ageldan aqdim 252 iseggasen dɣa yessebded anhil agdudan[8] yersan ɣef Amay-Dustuṛ kan[9]. Aylaten n bey ttwakksen-as dɣa ṣleḥen i urẓam n umerwas n Uwanak[10]. Burgiba yekcem srid deg tiwura-s n uselway deg timeṛjiwt n tirawt n Tamenḍawt id effken sin iseggasen sakkin tumast taselwayant n unhil amaynu.
Amezruy Afranan
ẓregAss n 8 wamber 1959 llant tifernin timezwura tiselwayin d timsuḍaf[11]. Sakkin, sin isniɣesen agi ttwadrun deg unsay deg yiwen wass kan, ass n acer (lḥedd)[11].
Seg isniɣes amezwaru, Burgiba yesɛa-d abeḥri n umalway amszarug, netta kan i d-amazwar anwarmirm. Ad yeqqim akken armi d 1974, agmuḍ ines ur yeḥbes ara ad yerni seg 91 % deg 1959 ar 99,85 % deg 1974[11]. Armi kan ass n 10 ctamber 1974 yella wayeḍ amazwar nniḍen i ɛerden ad yesssissen mgal aselway. Cadli Zwiten, aselway n Taxxamt tilemẓit tudmist n Tunes, yesseɣret aɣtas ines deg asseɣret ar taɣemsa yili yettwaḍfer sɣur alɣu n yiwen umaslaḍ n tiddukla nni yetssumelen aɣtas n uselway ines[23]. Am yettwarǧu, tirtit ur tettwaḍḍef ara sɣur tasmilt ad hoc[23]. Isniɣes agi ad yilli d aneggaru acku yettwaḍfer aseggas aḍfar sɣur taseɣrut n Burgiba am « aselway ar tudert ».
Ilaq an arǧu snat n tmerwin iwakken an ẓer aneɛruḍ wis sin n Munsef Marzuqi, aselway anaffaɣ n Tamɣunt tatunsit n izerfan n wemdan, yebɣan ad yessissen mgal Ben Ɛli deg useggas 1994. Yili, ur yezmer ara ad yessegrew amḍan n izmalen yelaqen iwakken ad yettekki ar tafrent dɣa sakkin yettwaḥbes[15] daɣen yettwagdel n upaspuṛ[24]. Zdat isedrigen agi, ilaq ad rǧun isuḍaf imenḍawanen yetwadɣeren « s uzwel asɣasan », dɣa yeksalugen ar umagrad 40 n Tamenḍawt, i tifernin n 1999, 2004 d 2009, iwakken imazwaren nniḍen ad zemren ad ssissnen iman-nsen ar tinneflest tanafellat.
Sakkin tagrawla id gweyn ar tagellawt n Ben Ɛli, Agraw ismatteran yefren aselway n Tagduda s taqiḍuft tuffirt, ass n 12 dujamber 2011, s tigti tamagdezt n imaslaḍen ines. Mraw imazwaren ssissnen-d maca, tam ur d ssegrewen ara mraw semmus izmalen yelaqen dɣa yiwen umazwar ur yesɛa ara leɛmeṛ yelaqen, yiwen kan yesɛan tiwtilin yelaqen i tirtit[25]. Munsef Marzuqi yettwafren s 153 tuɣac, kraḍt mgal, snat taggalin d 44 idɣaren imellalen, yesmezri aken i Fuɛad Mebazɛa yellan deg tawuri am imedzi[26].
Sakkin tuddma n Tamenḍawt tamaynut, adɣar yettwahel ass n 23 wamber 2014 i tafrent n uselway amaynu n Tagduda[27]. Ass n 21 dujamber, sakkin tuzzya tis snat, Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aneɣlaf aqdim ddaw Burgiba dɣa aselway n Taxxamt n imazanen ddaw Ben Ɛli, yettwafren deg tuzzya tis snat s 55,68 % n tuɣac, aselway Marzuqi yegweyd 44,32 %[21]. D aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagday deg tamurt[28].
| Uḍḍun | Tarudemt | Isem | Tamezwart n anna | Tagara n anna | Tikkin tasertayt | Tira |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Ḥabib Burgiba (3 ɣuct 1903 - 6 yebrir 2000) |
25 yulyu 1957 |
7 wamber 1987 |
Amay-Dustuṛ (1957-1964) PSD (1964-1987) |
Aneɣlaf amezwaru ddaw Lamine, bey n Tunes, Ḥabib Burgiba yeherḍ agellid s taseɣrut ass n 25 yulyu 1957 anhil ayɣef yettwafren aselway. Yettwafren s uzwil ameqran Aselway n Tagduda tatunsit ass n 8 wamber 1959, dɣa d netta kan id amazwar ar tafrent agi, Ḥabib Burgiba yettwafren aselway ar tudert ass n 18 meɣres 1975. Yettwakkes ass n 7 wamber 1987 sɣur Aneɣlaf ines amezwaru Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli. |
| 2 |  |
Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli (yellul ass n 3 ctamber 1936–2019) |
7 wamber 1987 |
14 yennayer 2011 |
PSD (1987-1988) RCD (1988-2011) |
Aneɣlaf amezwaru d aneɣlaf n Tɣawsiwin n daxel n uselway Burgiba, Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli yekkes aɣella n Uwanak, yennad acku d awessar aṭas iwakkend ad yekemmel ad yesselwi tamurt. Deg dujamber 2010, yuffad iman-is zdat tayyugt tameqrant n tikliwin timeẓwiyin ; yeserreḥ deg tagara taselwit ass n 14 yennayer 2011, ddaw aḥṛas n imesbaniyen, dɣa yezrizeɣ di Tagelda Tasaɛudit, s tameṭṭut-is Leila Ben Ɛli. |
| 2 | ||||||
| 3 |  |
Fuɛad Mebazɛa (yellul ass n 15 yunyu 1933) |
15 yennayer 2011 |
13 dujamber 2011 |
RCD (2011) Indépendant (2011) |
Am aselway n Taxxamt n imazanen, Fuɛad Mebazɛa yuɣal aselway n Tagduda s imedzi ass n 15 yennayer 2011, sakkin tagellawt n uselway Ben Ɛli ar Tagelda Tasaɛudit. D tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy n taselwit i tettwexdem s imedzi[29]. |
| 3 | ||||||
| 4 |  |
Munsef Marzuqi (yellul ass n 7 yulyu 1945) |
13 décembre 2011 |
31 décembre 2014 |
CPR | Aselway amezwaru n Tagduda yettwafrenen sakkin tagrawla yegweyn ar tadṛawt n uselway Ben Ɛli, Munsef Marzuqi d aselway amezwaru ur d yeffɣen ara seg ukabar yellan deg udabu seg wasmi yella uzarug. |
| 5 |  |
Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi (yellul ass n 29 wamber 1926 - 2019) |
31 dujamber 2014 |
2019 | Nidaɛ Tunes | Imi-d yerbeḥ tafrent taselwayant deg tuzzya tis snat mgal aselway anaffaɣ, Munsef Marzuqi, Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yuɣal aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagday ar afran ameɣradi srid sakkin tagrawla. |
Tira d timselɣa
ẓreg- ↑
Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Ḥabib Burgiba : adriz n tukkest, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2004, p. 228
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 et 2,4 Ḥatem Ben Ɛaziza, « Seg tagelda tamenḍawant ar Tagduda », Réalités, n°762, 27 yulyu 2000
- ↑ Jacques Simon, Lezzayer. Izri, Lezzayer taṛumit, tagrawla (1954-1958), éd. L’Harmattan, Paris, p. 286 (ISBN 2296028586)
- ↑ Fayçal Cherif, « Ussan ineggura n tagelda », Réalités, n°1126, 26 yulyu 2007
- ↑ 5,0 et 5,1 Victor Silvera, « Anhil amenḍawan n Tunes : Tamenḍawt n 1 yunyu 1959 », Revue française de science tasertit, 1960, vol. 10, n°2, p. 378
- ↑ 6,0 et 6,1 Pierre-Albin Martel, Ḥabib Burgiba. Argaz, timiḍi, éd. du Jaguar, Paris, 1999, p. 69
- ↑ 7,0 et 7,1 « 25 yulyu 1957. Dɣa Burgiba yessebded Tagduda », Réalités, n°917, 24 yulyu 2003
- ↑ « Proclamation de la République en Tunes », Les Actualités françaises, 31 yulyu 1957
- ↑ Marguerite Rollinde, Le mouvement marocain des droits de l’homme : entre consensus national et engagement citoyen, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2002, p. 108 (ISBN 2845862091)
- ↑ Article sur la Tunes (Encarta)[permanent dead link]
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 et 11,6 Samir Gharbi, « Radiographie d’une élection », Jeune Afrique, 2 wamber 1999
- ↑ Ḥabib Burgiba ɣef Grand Larousse Encyclopédique
- ↑ Alemmas n tizrawin ifriqiyin n ugafa, Annuaire n l’Afrique du Nord, éd. Université du Michigan/Centre national n la recherche scientifique, 1969, vol. 8, p. 389
- ↑ Yettwasseɣret aselway ar tudert sɣur Taxxamt n imazanen ass n 18 meɣres 1975, asaḍuf agi yettusemmet ass n 25 yulyu 1988 (sakkin tuẓẓɛa ines).
- ↑ 15,0 et 15,1 Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Ḥabib Burgiba. Adriz d tukkest, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2004, p. 241 (ISBN 2845865066)
- ↑ Encarta Archived 2007-11-17 at the Wayback Machine yessuffɣred azwil n 99,80 %.
- ↑ (en) Anthony H. Cordesman, A Tragedy of Arms. Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb, éd. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 250 (ISBN 0275969363)
- ↑ Encarta[permanent dead link] yessuffɣred azwil n 99,44 % dɣa Le Canard enchaîné n°4581 (« Carthage n ses artères », 13 ɣuct 2008, p. 8) win n 99,40 %.
- ↑ Igmaḍ n tafrent taselwayant n 2004 (Taselwit n Tagduda tatunsit) Archived 2008-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Aselway Ben Ɛli yerbeḥ tafrent taselwayant 2009 s 89,62 % (Tifernin 2009) Archived 2011-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 21,0 et 21,1 « Tunes : amazwar alayki Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yerrbeḥ taselwayant s 55,68 % n tuɣac », Francetv info, 25 wamber 2014
- ↑ « Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yeṛeggemed ad yili « aselway n akkw itunsiyen » », Le Monde, 22 dujamber 2014
- ↑ 23,0 et 23,1 Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
<ref>incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nomméesrealites1 - ↑ Dominique Lagarde, « Tagtaẓri am tatunsit », L’Express, 21 tuber 1999
- ↑ « Ɣef mraw imazwaren ar taselwayant, tẓa ur sɛan ara tiwtilin », Business News, 12 dujamber 2011
- ↑ Hamida Ben Salah d Kaouther Larbi, « Tunes : Munsef Marzuqi yesmezri ar Ben Ɛli am aselway « n tagduda tamezwarut taɛrabt tilellit » », Agence France-Presse, 12 dujamber 2011
- ↑ « Tunes : timsuḍaf ttwahelent ar 26 tuber dɣa taselwayant ar 23 wamber », Jeune Afrique, 25 yunyu 2014
- ↑ Charlotte Bozonnet, « Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aẓɣuɣ yuɣalen d aselway », Le Monde, 23 dujamber 2014
- ↑ Aneɣlaf amezwaru Muḥemmed Ɣennuci yennegmi iman-is d aselway n Tagduda s imedzi seg 14 ar 15 yennayer 2011 ɣef leḥsab n « Ben Ɛli yeffeɣ si Tunes, Aneɣlaf amezwaru yebeddel-it », Le Figaro, 14 yennayer 2011
Adriraw
ẓreg- Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Aṭṭan amdabu. Tasertit di Tunes seg Burgiba ar Ben Ɛli, éd. Presses de Science Po, Paris, 2003 (ISBN 2724608798)
