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Tageldit n Inumiden

Numidya [202 UT – 46 u qbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT)] d tagelda n zik n imaziɣen deg ugafa-utrim n Tefriqt, deg tazwara tella-d deg wakal i d-yeggran tura d Lezzayer[1] , ma d imiren terna-d deg wayen i d-yettwassen assa d Tunes d Libya. Taɣdemt-a tella deg tazwara tettwabḍa gar tamurt n Massylii deg usammar (tamanaɣt: Sirta) d tmurt n Masaesyli deg umalu (tamanaɣt: Siga)[2]. Deg ṭṭrad wis sin gar Qerṭaj d Ṛuma (218-201 UT), Mass-nsen (neɣ Masnsen), agellid n Massylii, yeɣleb Sifaqs n Masaesyli yerna yesdukkel Numidia d tamurt tamezwarut tamaziɣt n Numidiyen deg Lezzayer n wass-a.[3] Tagelda-nni tebda d tamurt tamenzut d tamdakelt n Ṛuma, syin terna tettbeddil seg temnaḍt n Ṛuma ar temnaḍt n Ṛuma.

Tageldit n Inumiden
Ansa
Carte
 35°30′N 7°18′E / 35.5°N 7.3°E / 35.5; 7.3
Tamanaɣt Sirta
Asefk amazray
Asnulfu 202 BCE
Aselyem 46 BCE
Tuddsa tasertayt
Anagraw asertay tageldawt

Numidya, deg tallit-is, tella tezga-d ɣef yiri n wasif n Moulouya deg umalu,[4] Afrika Proconsularis d Cyrenaica deg usammar,[5][6] agelmim n Ilel Agrakal deg ugafa, d Aneẓruf Ameqran deg wenẓul, akka Numidya tezzi s lekmal-is ɣef Qerṭaj[7] anagar ɣer yilel[8]. Mass-nsen Yerna-yas-d tilisa-s sennig n Asif n Melwit (Asif n Muluya s Tcelḥit) d Bokkar, dɣa tewweḍ, deg umalu, ɣer Agaraw Aṭlantik.[9][10][11]

Tamaneɣt n Numidya tella tettusemma Sirta (Qsenṭina[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18] tamirant, anda id ufan aẓekka n Mass-nsen).

Isem

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Aẓru n Numidya s uḍris n zik. Deg Aẓawan Aɣelnaw n Bardo, Lezzayer (tamanaɣt).

Inmezruyyen igriken qqaren-asent "Νομάδες" (i.e. Igduden yettinigen), i d-yellan s usegzi n tlatinit d "Numidae".[19] Maca, anmzray Gabriel Camps yesteqsi ɣef usegzi-ya, yenna-d dakken awal-a yezmer ad yili d win i d-yusan seg Tefriqt.[20] Isem-a yettban-d i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Polybius (lqern wis sin uqbel n tallit-nneɣ) i wakken ad d-yini agdud d wakal i d-yezgan ɣer umalu n Qerṭaj, ladɣa deg ugafa akk n Lezzayer alamma d Asif n Melwit, azal n 160 n yikilumitren ɣer umalu n Wehran.[21]

Amezruy

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Tazrawt

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Agellid Sifaqs (Syphax) yesṭerḥeb s Scipio Africanus - Allori Alessandro (1535-1607) - sala di Leone X, Villa Medicea Ambra, Poggio a Caiano.

Inumidiyen llan d agdud n yeɣlanen i d-yezgan deg Tefriqt Ugafa, ladɣa deg temnaḍin i d-yeggran tura deg ugafa n Lezzayer d umalu n Tunes, deg tlata n lqrun ineggura uqbel n tallit-nneɣ. Timura-nsen ttilin ɣer tilisa deg usammar n tmurt n Qerṭaj (Tunes n zik) ar wakal tamurt n Muriṭanya n zik (Lmerruk n tura) d tlisa n unezruf.

Deg tazwara n Numidya llan sin n yegduden imeqranen: Massylii deg usammar n Numidya, d Masaesyli deg umalu. Deg uswir amezwaru n Ṭṭraḍ n Qerṭaj II, imezdaɣ n Massylii n usammar, s ddaw n ugellid Gaia, llan d imdukkal n Qerṭaj, ma d imezdaɣ n Masaesyli n umalu, s ddaw n ugellid Sifaqs, llan d imdukkal n Ṛuma. Tageldit n Masaesyli ddaw n Sifaqs teṭṭef seg wasif n Muluya ar Asif Ameqran n Qsenṭina.[22] Iṛumaniyen xedmen akken ma llan akken ad sεun tameddakelt d Sifaqs, yerna ɛawnen-t akken ad yesselmed iserdasen-is ɣef titekniyin n ṭṭraḍ n uḍar.

 
Sophonisba tessutur tallelt n Massinissa, lqern wis 16, sɣur Giovanni Battista Zelotti.

Sifaqs yeɣleb Gaia di tazwara, ma d Mass-nsen, mmi-s n Gala, i d-yekkren di Qerṭaj, yesdukkel-d tazmert-is yerna yeɣleb Sifaqs snat n tikwal deg useggas n 212 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), dɣa yeǧǧa-t ad yerwel.

Dɣa Mass-nsen yeqqen ɣer uselway n Qerṭaj, Hasdrubal Barca, deg Spanya, anda i d-yewwi amur ameqran deg tmenɣiwt n Qerṭaj mgal Ṛuma . Mi yemmut Gaia, Qerṭaj tekkes i twacult n Mass-nsen akal-nsen, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad yeddu d Ṛuma.

Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Tefriqt, deg tazwara Mass-nsen yedda d Sifaqs mgal Qerṭaj. Maca, Hasdrubal yezweǧ yelli-s Sophonisba d Sifaqs, akken ad yeqqim d aqeddac n Qerṭaj. Sifaqs yeɣleb Mass-nsen snat n tikkal deg useggas n 205 UT, dɣa d aya ay t-yeḥettmen ad yeṭṭef abrid ɣer idurar, anda i d-yessebded tikli n tkerrust, yerra iman-is d amesbaṭli, dɣa yeddukel tazmert-is d lɛesker aṛumi n Scipio.

Deg useggas n 204 UT, ajiniṛal aṛumi Scipio Africanus yers-d di Tefriqt s yiɣallen arumiyen.

Yeddukel yid-s Mass-nsen; aneggaru-yagi yesbeggen-d tamussni-nnes s lemɛawna-nnes deg nnger n yiwen n lsas aserdasi n Qerṭaj, dɣa yeɣleb Sifaqs d Hasdrubal deg umennuɣ n Sirta deg useggas n 203 UT.

 
Tamettant n ugellid Sifaqs. Yettwasekles-d seg umkan n umennuɣ, Giulio Romano (Ṭṭelyan, Roma, 1499-1546), Aẓawan n tẓuri tatrart, Los Angeles.

Mass-nsen yeṭṭef Sifaqs, yerna yezweǧ d Sophonisba, maca Scipio, i yettxemmimen ɣef leqdeṛ-is i Qerṭaj, yessuter-as ad tt-yefk. I wakken ur ur tt-terren ara d taklit, teṭṭef ssem, temmut deg useggas n 203 UT.

Asnulfu d Ixef

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Mass-nsen (c. 240-148 BC), agellid amezwaru n Numidya
 
Idrimen n Numidya seddaw Mass-nsen

Mass-nsen yerra-d tagelda n baba-s, yerna yerra-d daɣen azaglu ɣef waṭas n wakal n Sifaqs. Ṭṭraḍ n Qerṭaj wis sin ifukk s rrbeḥ n Ṛuman deg umennuɣ n Zama deg 202 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), dɣa Mass-nsen n Massylii yesnerni amkan-is d agellid amezwaru n Numidya Yedduklen s tallelt tameqqrant n Ṛuma.[21] Iṛumaniyen llan bɣan ad sεun yiwen n wemdakel iǧheden deg Tefriqt akken ad ḥebsen aɛdaw-nsen aqdim, Qerṭaj, seg uḥezzeb n tezmert-nsen deg umalu n Ilel Agrakal.

Mass-nsen, yezga yettɛedday dima ɣef wakal ay d-yeqqimen i Qerṭaj; deg useggas n 158 UT, yeṭṭef Lepcis Magna d rrif n tmurt n Tripolitanya, yerra ddaw n lḥekma-s akk imaziɣen izedɣen gar n tmurt n Sirenaika (Barqah deg Libya n tura) d wasif Ameqran n Qsenṭina. Tamnaḍt n Mass-nsen tettili-d seg wasif n Muluya alamma d tilisa n tmurt n Qerṭaj, yerna ɣer wenẓul-agmuḍ alamma d Sirenaika alamma d agelmim n Sirte (Sidra deg Libya n tura), dɣa Numidya tezzi akk ɣef Qerṭaj[7] s lxilaf n tmuɣli n yilel.[8] Ugar n waya, deffir tikli n Sifaqs s tmanaɣt-is i d-yezgan deg Siga[2], yerna deffir ma yexser Siga, yerra iman-is ɣer tmanaɣt taneggarut i wumi qqaren Tinga, Bokkar, yuɣal d aqeddac n Mass-nsen.[9][10][11] Mass-nsen yeṭṭef-d ula deg unẓul n idurar n Atlas, i d-yezzin ɣer Taneẓruft alamma d akal n Libya n tura; timnaḍin-a merra llant d aḥric n Numidya. [5][6]

Mi d-yezdeɣ di Sirta, yezzi-d i yiman-is s tɣawsiwin n tɣermiwin n igriken d irumiyenn, qqaren-d belli d d netta i yesselmed imaziɣen-is deg uxeddim n tfellaḥt.

Qerṭaj teccetka-d ɣef tigawin tiɛdawin n Mass-nsen imi yeṭṭef-d s imani-is isugan n tefriqt, s wakka i yessexṣer tanezzuyt-is. Ṛuma tceggeε-d imnadiyen ɣer Tafriqt n Ugafa i wakken ad d-afen tidet.

 
Marcus Porcius Cato (234 UT- 149 UT - 85 n iseggasen)

Gar n imnadiyen-agi yella Marcus Porcius Cato (yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n Cato ameqqran neɣ Cato Censorius). Mi iwala amek i d-tbedd s tɣawla seg ṭṭrad aneggaru d lḥif ameqqran i s-d-tessers Ṛuma, iɣerruba-nnes ttwabnan-d d lɛesker-is xeddemen s lekmal-nsen, yessuter i usenger temdint n Qerṭaj. Yeεawed-d, deg isallen-is d wawalen-is, awalen-nni: "Ugar n waya, ilaq ad nessenger Qerṭaj".

Ṛuma, teṭṭalab-d ssebba i wakken ad tebdu lgirra, tufa-tt mi d-yewwet Mass-nsen temdint n Qerṭaj iwumi qqaren Uruskupa. Ḥasdrubal, s yiɣallen n 30.000 n yergazen, yella yessaram ad yekkes tamdint-nni seg ifassen n Numidya, yeɣleb-it Gulussa, mmi-s n Mass-nsen, deg useggas n 150 UT.

Mi slan belli Qerṭaj ttexdem lgirra mgal yiwen n ugellid yellan d amdakkel n Ṛuma, Iṛumiyen ssawḍen yiwen n lɛesker n 80.000 n yergazen ɣer Tefriqt. Deg useggas n 146 UT, Qerṭaj tettwassenger sɣur lɛeskeṛ n uqunsul Scipio Aemilianus deg wayen iwumi semman ṭṭrad wis tlata n Qerṭaj. Ṛuma, irebḥen, tesseneqes lqedd n Qerṭaj, terra-tt d aḥric seg wakal-is, tsemma-yas “Temnaḍt n Tefriqt.”

Tamettant n Mass-nsen

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Mass-nsen, iḥkem 55 iseggasen armi lmut- is deg useggas n 148 UT, kra n lweqt uqbel n Nnger n Qerṭaj deg useggas n 146 UT.

 
Aẓekka n Massen-nsen deg El-Khroub, Lezzaer, deg useggas 2000

Mi yemmut, tagelda-as tger-d seg wasif n Melwit alamma d tilisa n tmurt n Qerṭaj, yerna yerna ɣer wenẓul-agmuḍ armi d Cyrenaica ar ugaraw n Sirta. Anagar ɣer yilel, Numidya tezzi akk ɣef Qerṭaj.[7]

 
Amastan (neɣ Mastanabal s tefransist) - Deg British Museum, yettunefk i Mastanabal sɣur Duane W. Roller..

Kraḍ n warraw n Mass-nsen ḥekmen s tdukli ɣef Numidya, ddaw leɛnaya n Iṛumyen. Deg 146 UT, s lebɣi n Mass-nsen, Scipion Amilianus yebḍa tagelda n Mass-nsen. Micipsa (neɣ Ameksa-nsen s Tamaziɣt*) yeṭṭef-d n tgelda n Sirta, agensu n tgelda akked wexxam n tadrimt. Gulussa yettunefk-as lḥekma n lεesker d taneɣlaft n ṭṭraḍ, Amastan[23]—lamaɛna-s n lisim-is d win yettḥuddun ɣef medden —(neɣ Mastanabal s tefransist) yettunefk-as udabu n ccṛeɛ deg tgelda. Arraw-is kemmlen tasertit n baba-tsen d uεiwen-is i Ṛuma deg umenɣi-ines mgal Qerṭaj, ɣas akken Micipsa, yettgen dima ɣef nnfeɛ n tmurt-is, ur yeqqim ara dima d win i d-yettakken afus i Ruma, "yettgalla dima s yiɣallen d yidrimen ... maca yezga yettεeṭṭil yerna yettraju ad iẓer d acu ara yeḍrun"]. Xeddmen akk akken ad teqqim tgelda teddukkel; lemmer ur msefhamen ara d Ruma, ur tt-ɛawnen ara, ahat ur tettwakkes ara Qerṭaj.

Kra yessegassen defir n Nnger n Qerṭaj, azal n c. 145 UT, yemmut Galussa. Mastanabal, yeḍfer-it, kra n yiseggasen mbeɛd deg azal n usegass 140 UT. Micipsa i ṛebba mmi-s n Mastanabal i wumi semman Yugar-iten (Jugurtha s tefransist); Yugar-iten yesɛa azal n 14 n yiseggasen di leɛmer-is.

 
Idrimen n Micipsa

Micipsa, imi d netta kan ay d awṛat n tgelda n Mass-nsen, yeḥkem d agellid awḥid deg Sirta, s tallelt n sin warraw-is Adherbal d Hiempsal I, d Yugar-iten, mmi-s n gma-s Manastabal.

Ddaw n Mass-nsen d mmi-s Micipsa, Numidya teǧǧuǧǧeg. Deg tallit-a n talwit, Numidya tettimɣur, treffed iman-is s waṭas; tnerna tfellaḥt, nnernant temdinin, tnerna tnezzut s s ttawilat n ussiweḍ ɣer isugan i yellan zik ddaw afus n Qerṭaj. Tagelda-nsen teṭṭef deg lebɣi yelhan n Ṛuma s ussiweḍ n yirden, lemɛawna taserdasit, gar-asen iserdasen n ṭṭraḍ n uḍar, iserdasen n ṭṭraḍ n uεudiw, d yifilen. IIgelliden n Numidya ɛerḍen ad ttekkin deg deg yedles agrigi n usamer n Yilel Agrakal. Deg wunuɣen n yiṣurdiyen-nsen, Mass-nsen d Micipsa zgan ttlusen yiwen uceṭṭiḍ amellal i yettwaqqen ɣef uqerruy-nsen; aya-gi yella tettwassen deg tallit-nni am d wansay n tasmert n tgelda tagrigit.

 
Asekkil n Micipsa yettunefk i "MKPZN (= Micipsa), agellid n Massyli". * Micipsa yura-d: MKPZN (MKP-ZN => MKP-sen => Amek(p)-nsen “ZN am -nsen deg MZNZN” deg Mass-nsen) => Amekpsa-nsen => neɣ Ameksa-nsen.

Nnig waya, sfaydin daɣen seg lebni s ṣṣenf agrigi deg temdinin-nsen. yerna yiwen seg warraw n Mass-nsen, Amastan, yeṭṭef-d amkan deg Wuraren Ulimpiyen.

Ṭṭraḍ d Ṛuma

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Idrimen n Adherbal
 
Yugar-iten

Mi yemmut Micipsa deg useggas n 118 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), Tajmilt-is tedda ɣer warraw-is Hiempsal I, Adherbal d Yugar-iten—Micipsa i t-iṛebban am mmis— i ḥemmlen aṭas ger yimezdaɣ n Numidya. Hiempsal d Yugar-iten mxallafen akken kan i yemmut Micipsa[24]. Yugar-iten yessuddes tamettant n Hiempsal, yerna yessufeɣ-d Adherbal seg Sirta. Adherbal yerwel ɣer Ruma akken ad d-yessuter aḥraz n Senat. Maca, Jugurtha yefka-d yakan tijɛal i iṛumaniyen yesɛan tazmert, dɣa d aya ay yejjan Aseqqamu n Weɣlan n Ruma ad yebḍu Numidya deg 114 (UT): utaram n Numidya n yettunefk i Yugar-iten, ma d Adherbal yettunefk-as uḥric n usamer.

Yugurten, imi yezweǧ d yelli-s n Aweqqas I (Bocchus I s tefransist)—agellid n Muriṭanya n zik—yesdukkel lɛesker ameqran, yeẓdem ɣef tmurt n Adherbal deg useggas n 112 (UT). Adherbal yerra iman-is ɣer Sirta, anda i yeṭṭef sin n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ. Yeǧǧa-t laẓ, yerra iman-is, maca Jugurtha yenɣa-t akk d waṭas n Iṭalyanen i izedɣen di temdint.

Tigawt-agi taneggarut, n tmenɣiwt n n Iṭalyanen i izedɣen deg Sirta, d lḥemmeẓ aneggaru i yessker-d lɣecc i Ṛuma mi yenɣa kra n yimerkantiyen iṛumiyen i d-yettεawanen Adherbal. Yugar-iten yeɣleb kra n wussan mgal Ṛuma, dɣa yefka iman-is imi i s-d-tefka-d yiwet wemtawa n talwit igerrzen aṭas, ayen i d-yessekcem-d ccek ɣef kra n ugufsu.

Yugar-iten yettwaḥettem daɣen ad d-yas ɣer Ṛuma akken ad icehhed mgal amḍebber-nni. Yugar-iten yettwasqerdec s lekmal-is, imi taɣdemt taṛumit tenna-d belli d ameɣbun ur nesεi ul neɣ ṛṛeḥma g zik-is, yerna yenɣa yiwen n uxṣim-nnes anumidi akken kan ad d-yawi ayen yebɣa; ugar n tezmert, dima ugar n tezmert.

Mi t-id-ssawlen ɣer Senat ɣef tigawt-a, Yugar-iten yettwasqerdec s lekmal-is, imi taɣdemt taṛumit tenna-d belli d ameɣbun ur nesεi ul neɣ ṛṛeḥma g zik-is, yerna yenɣa yiwen n uxṣim-nnes anumidi akken kan ad d-yawi ayen yebɣa; ugar n tezmert, dima ugar n tezmert.

Maca Yugar-iten yettwaɛaqeb ara ɣef lǧal n rṣaṣ i d-yefka i yiqeddacen n Senat. Uqbel ad yeffeɣ si Ṛuma, yenɣa Massiva, mmi-s n Gulussa, i d-yeccetka fell-as.

Kra n wussan mbeɛd, yeṭṭef abrid ɣer Numidya, imi i s-d-yefka usenet lameṛ ad yeffeɣ si Ṭṭelyan. Mi d-yeǧǧa Ṛuma, qqaren-d yezga yettmuqul-d fell-as s tsusmi, dɣa yenna-d:

“Tamdint i d-yettwazenzen yerna ur tɛeṭṭel ara ad tenger, ma tufa win ara tt-id-iɣen!”

Imi teɛzem ad tfak acqirrew n Yugar-iten, Ṛuma tessuter-d Aulus mgal-is deg useggas n 109 UT. D acu kan, Aulus yettwaɣleb mi yewweḍ ɣer temdint Sutul—amkan i qirben ɣef tamandt Galma—yerna yettwaḥbes.

Yeffeɣ-d umennuɣ ger Numidya d Tegduda Taṛumaniyt, dɣa aṭas n iserdasen i d-yettwaceggɛen ɣer Tefriqt Ugafa s ddaw tamsit n Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus. Iṛumaniyen ɛerḍen ad rebḥen ɣef Yugar-iten s tɣawla, maca ṭṭraḍ-nni yeṭṭef aṭas n yiseggasen ur d-tban ara taggara-s.

 
Ṭabla n Yugar-iten

Metellus yesselḥay yiwen n yimenɣi ur nesɛi azal mgal yiɣallen n Yugar-iten ɣer tama n Theveste, dɣa yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yeqqel ɣer deffir deg tama n Zama deg useggas n 108 UT.

Deg useggas n 107 UT, Metellus, deffir ma iqeεεed iman-is, yeɣli-d ɣeg Numidya, yerra-d iɣallen n Yugar-iten ɣer deffir; yeṭṭef Sirta. Yugar-iten yerwel ɣer Gaetuliyen, dɣa yessuter afus n tallelt i Aweqqas.

 
Tazrayt n Yugar-iten d tuṭṭfa-ines sɣur Aweqqas I (azal n 108 UT)

Gaius Marius, amεawen n Metellus, yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma akken ad d-yessuter afran d Akunsul acku ur s-yeεǧib ara lḥala n ṭṭraḍ i wumi yettban-as-d mebla taggara.

Metellus yettwaɛreḍ ɣer Ṛuma akken ad iqabel taɣdemt ɣef ugufsu; i d-yewwi uxṣim-nnes aserti Gaius Marius. 29][30]

Marius yettwafren, syin yuɣal ɣer Numidya s 50.000 n yergazen akken ad yeṭṭef deg ufus-is agmuḍ n ṭṭraḍ. Iceggeɛ anemhal-is n temsal Sulla ɣer tamurt n Muriṭanya akken ad iqenneɛ agellid-is Aweqqas I ad yeḥbes lemɛawna i s-yeţţak i Yugar-iten. S tallelt n Aweqqas I Sulla yeṭṭef Yugar-iten d ameḥbus yerna yewwi ṭṭrad-nni ɣer taggara. Yugar-iten wwin-t-id ɣer Ṛuma s snasel, rran-t deg lḥebs n Tullianum.[25]

Iṛumyen nɣan Yugar-iten deg 104 UT, deffir ma smuqqlen-t deg yiberdan n Ṛumai usgunfu azayaz akked ustehzi n uɣref deg wayen umi qqaren Tmanegt n Marius.[24]

Tagelda yettwabḍan

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Seld tamettant n Yugar-iten, timnaḍin ibeɛden n utaram n Numidya tefka-tent Ṛuma i Aweqqas I[21]. Tagelda n Numidya tuɣal-d d tamecṭuḥt, maca tettkemmil tettwaḥkem sɣur igeldunen n tmurt. Di lweqt-nni, Gauda, ​​mmi-s nniḍen n Manastabal i yeqqimen d anelmad i Ṛuma, yettunefk-as Numidya talemmast. Deffir n tmettant n Gauda kra n lweqt sakkin, arraw-is Hiempsal II d Hiarbas bḍan tageldit n baba-tsen, ḥekmen ddaw n tmehla n Ṛuma. Igelliden-agi n Numidya d Muriṭanya, d igensasen n Ṛuma, zgan ttṛuḥun s waṭas ɣer Ṛuma, anda i ttwaselmaden warraw-nsen yerna ttwaḥerzen ddaw n tmehla s lǧehd iwakken ad tḍemnen aḍfar-nsen akked win n imawlan-nsen.

Ssnen mliḥ talatinit yerna ddren ɣef leḥsab n lɛada n Yiṛumyen, dɣa ttɛawanen tiẓrigin, ttcebbiḥen timdinin-nsen s ṣṣenf n Yiṛumyen, yerna ḥadren ɣef usnefli n wakal-nsen, i d-yefkan i Ṭṭelyan aṭas n tɣawsiwin n tfellaḥt. Iṭalyanen llan daɣen zedɣen deg temnaḍin i d-yefkan lɣella n tmura n imaziɣen, s waṭas deg wakal i d-yettwakksen i yimezdaɣ n tmurt. Ayagi yefka-d afus i usnerni n tṛumanit n Tefriqt n Ugafa.

 
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompeius) (70–60 UT) Aseqqamu Aɣelnaw n Venise

Igelliden n Numidya d Muriṭanya zgan llan sfaydin-d s waṭas seg yimenɣiyen n daxel n Ṛuma akken ad sferken timsal-nsen s yiman-nsen. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan gar Marius d Sulla, Marius, i d-yenfa Sulla, yufa amkan ɣur Hiarbas, ma d Hiempsal II yefka afus n tallelt i Sulla deg useggas n 88 UT. Hiarbas, s tallelt n wid i d-yeṭṭfen afus n Marius, yeɣleb gma-s Hiempsal yerna yewwi-d tagelda-s. I wakken ad yeqbel Hiarbas d terbaɛt n Marius deg Tefriqt, Sulla iceggeɛ Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompeius) s setta n yeɣallen.

Aweqqas yefka afus n tallelt i yiɣallen n Pompeius s yiwet n tmehla tameqqrant n n yiserdasen n yifesyanen n Muriṭanya i d-yemmal Gauda, mmi-s n mmi-s Bogud. Hiarbas, yeɣleb-it Pompeius yerna yezzi-yas-d s yiɣallen deg Bulla Regia (qrib n Jenduba deg Tunes), dɣa yewwi-d fell-as lḥal ad yefk iman-is i Gauda, dɣa yettwanɣa s lmut deffir deffir ma yettwaɛetteb. Hiempsal II yerra-d tagelda-s yerna yettunefk-as wakal aqbur n Hiarbas dig 81 UT. Azal n tallit, yemmut Aweqqas, dɣa Muriṭanya tebḍa gar sin n warraw-is: Aweqqas II, i iḥekmen ɣef tama talemmast n tgelda s temdint-nni taqburt n Ilel (Cherchell n tura deg deg temnaḍt n Tipaza) i yellan d tamaneɣt-is, akked Bogud, i d-yeɣlin ɣef tama n utaram s Tin Iggi neɣ d tamaneɣt-is.

 
Gaius Julius Caesar (Caesar)12 yulyu 100 UT - 15 meɣres 44 UT (yesεa 55 iseggasen)

Amennuɣ aɣelnaw arumi d taggara n tgelda n Numidya

ẓreg

Yuba I, i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n baba-s Hiempsal II deg useggas n 50 UT, yeɛreḍ ad d-yeṭṭef lfayda n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw yellan gar Gaius Julius Caesar (Caesar) d Pompeius akken ad d-yeffeɣ seg leḥkem n Ṛuman. Seg temdint n Hippo, i d-yerra d tamaneɣt-is, yessaweḍ ad d-yessekles imenfiyen i t-iεawnen ad yesdukkel lεesker n tmurt-is akken ilaq. Mi d-yeṭṭef Caesar Ṭṭelyan seg terbaεt n Senat, Attius Varus, d amɛiwen n Pompeius yerna d anemhal n lɛeskeṛ n Senat, yessawel-d ɣef lḥekma-s deg Tefriqt yerna yesdukkel d Yuba I. Ddan-d akk, ssawḍen ad rẓen aserdas n Gaius Scribonius Curio, amɛiwen n Caesar, deg umennuɣ n Bagradas—ɣef yiri n wasif n Bagradas (isem aqdim n Medjerda) deg Tunes—deg yulyu 49 UT. Ɣef leḥsab n lewṣayat n Pompeius, Varus yeṭṭef-d tiwwura n isugan n Tefriqt akken ad yeḥbes aɛiwed n sselɛa ɣer Ṛuma, aya i d-yessawḍen ɣer laẓ deg Ṭṭelyan, anda ula d aklan bdan la ttmettaten s laẓ. D acu kan, yewweḍ-d yiwen n usgunfu gar imḍebbren-nni yemxallafen; walan ayen i d-yeǧǧa leqdic-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣ n Ṛuma, dɣa ǧǧan aḥebbes n tikli n lbabuṛat n tnezzut seg néɣ ɣer isugan.

Iɣallen n Pompeius, i d-yeqqimen di Tefriqt s ddaw n Varus, dduklen-d yid-sen Titus Labienus (aɛessas aqbur n Caesar), Metellus Scipio (aḍeggal n Pompeius), Afranius, Porcius Cato, d Gnaeus Pompeius s timmad-is. S uɛiwen n Yuba I d yiserdasen-nnes imaziɣen, iɣallen iɣerfanen ḥbsenCaesar, ḥettmen-t ad d-yebdu lḥemla tamaynut mgal-nsen.

 
Yuba I, seg Cherchell, Lezzayer. Louvre, Fransa

Seg Ṛuma, Caesar yemsawaḍ d Publius Sittius, yiwen n umesbaṭli n Kampanya (Tamnaḍt deg Wenẓul n Ṭṭelyan) i d-yeṭṭfen yiwet n teɣlamt tamecṭuḥt n Iṛumyen, n Igaliyen, n Ispenyuliyen, d Imaziɣen di Tefriqt. Yennay-asen i Aweqqas II d Bogud kra n wakal n Yuba I ma yella ad t-εiwnen.

Caesar yerkeb ɣer yiri n Hadrumetum (ass-a d aḥric seg Susa, deg Tunes) deg waggur n wember 47 UT. Di tazwara, s 5000 n yiserdasen kan mgal 60.000 n yeεdawen-is, Caesar ur yessaweḍ ara ad yawi Hadrumetum maca yewwi-d leqdeṛ d aḍman n Ruspina (tamding n Iṛumyen, tela deg Munastir, deg Tunes) d Leptis Parva (Asagen aṛumi, temdint tamaynut n Lemta, deg wenẓul n Munastir).

Deg tallit-nni, Sallustius Crispus, amesbaṭli-ines, yeṭṭef-d tigzirin n Qerqna (tarbaɛt n tegzirin i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n wenẓul n Tunes deg Ugelmim n Gabes), d tiɣilt n usekles i lεeskeṛ n Pompeius. Sittius yeṭṭef Sirta, iḥettem i Yuba I ad yessiweḍ iɣallen-nnes ɣer webrid niḍen akken ad iqabel Igaetuliyen ay d-yellan d iɣewwaɣen.

S wazal n 30,000 n yergazen i d-yesǧehden deg Ruspina, Caesar yeɣleb Tapsus (Asagen aṛum azal n 30 km. deg wenẓul n Munastir); deg wass n 6 Fuṛaṛ 46 UL, yeɣleb iɣallen imdukal n Scipion i yellan ttnadin ad d-rren tamdint-nni.

 
Anṭag n Caesar ɣef Munda

Yuba, mi yeεreḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer Zama-Regia (“Zama Tagellidt”, tamdint taqburt deg Tunes), yufa-d tiwwura-s qqlent, dɣa yenɣa-t yiwen n wakli mi yekcem Caesar ɣer temdint-nni deg amernay. Scipio, imi zzin-as-d yiɣallen n Sittius deg Ugelmim n Hippo, yenɣa yiman-is dɣa yeɣreq.

Mi yerbeḥ, Caesar iceggeɛ mmi-s n Yuba I ɣer Ṛuma, anda i d-yettwaselmed deg yidles n aṛumi d leqdeṛ i tezmert-is. Caesar yerra tama-s n usammar n Numidya ɣer tamnaḍt n Ṛuma n Afrika Nova, yerra amḍebber-is Sallustius Crispus d aqerru n tamnaḍt-nni. Sallustius yessexdam lbaṭel deg tamnaḍt-is tamaynut, yejmeɛ-d idrimen d imeqranen s ssebba n uɛaqeb n imezdaɣ-is ɣef tallalt i d-fkan i Pompey.

Aweqqas II yettunefk-as-d akal nniḍen deg Muriṭanya Sitifensis, ma d Bogud yeṭṭef-d usamer n Numidya. Sittius, yettwasnerna, yettunefk-as Sirta d tdukliwin-is, yettwakkes seg Masanasses, d amdakkel n Yuba I. Imḍebbren igdudanen ay d-yeqqimen ddren rewlen ɣer Spenyul. Caesar, s tallelt n yiɣallen imaziɣen ddaw n Bogus, yeɣleb-iten deg Munda (tamdint n wenẓul n Spenyul) deg useggas i d-yeddan.

D aya i d taggara n tuqqna i d-yellan mgal Caesar yerna llan wid i d-yeqqaren d akken daɣen d taggara n Numidya.

Usamer n Numidya yetettwakkes-as deg 46 UT akken ad d-tesnulfu tamnaḍt taṛumanit tamaynut, Africa Nova. Utaram n Numidya tettwakkes daɣen d aḥric seg tamnaḍt n Africa Nova deffir ma yemmut ugellid-nnes aneggaru, Arabio. Arabio iḥekmen ɣef temnaḍt n umalu gar 44 d 40 UT[26]. Ɣef leḥsab n Appianus Alexandrinus, yella d mmi-s n Masinissa II d mmi-s n Gauda, i yebḍan Numidya gar warraw-is deg useggas n 88 UT.[27]

Deg tallit-nni n wezzil (30-25 UT) Yuba II (mmi-s n Yuba I) iḥkem d amsaɣ-agellid (iban-d mazal-it d ilelli, maca yella ddaw uḍar n Ṛuma) n Numidya deg wakal n temnaḍt-nni n zik n Afrika Nova.

Tafellaḥt

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Tagelda n Numidya tella tettwassen s waṭas n tafellaḥt-s; rnu ɣer cclaḍa, tidal, d waṭas n imendi i ččan yakan Imaziɣen seg zik-nsen, Numidya tella tettwassen daɣen s waṭas s tẓidanin-is yesɛan azal ameqqran, am irden i d-yettwaḥerzen ɣef yiri n wasif n Nil n Maṣer. Akken i d-yenna anmezray aṛumi Plinius Amɣar:

Gar yirden i d-yettwazen ssya ɣer Ṛuma, yella yirden ixfifen i d-yettwazen seg tamurt n Liggul ur yekkis ara taẓeyt d lgelba (9 kilu n wass-a). Taẓeyt n yirden n Sardinya tugar taẓeyt n Liggu s 225 agram, taẓeyt n Biossya tugar taẓeyt n Liggul s 450 agram, ma d yirden n Tefriqt tugar taẓeyt n yirden n Liggul s 787 agram. [28]

Tazmilt: deg uḍris s teglizit n Wikipidia, anda i d-yettwakkes uselmed-a, yettmeslay-d ɣef lmizan s taẓeyt d lgelba neɣ Boisseau yesɛan taẓayt n 20 livres. 20 livres (n tallit-nneɣ) = 9 kilu, yiwet n livre = 450 igramen, tlata n uḥricen n (neɣ 75%) n 450 igramen = 337 igramen. 450 igramen + 337 igramen = 787 igramen.

Deg useggas n 179 uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT), agellid Mass-nsen n Numidya yeṭṭef-d tasmert n ddheb seg imezdaɣ n Delos, imi i sen-yefka lbabuṛ n yirden. Yella-d yiwen n usebdad n Mass-nsen deg Delos bnan-tt i ccan-is, s yiwet n tira i d-yuran sɣur yiwen n wemdan n Rudes akken ad t-snamreɣen. Ula d arraw-is, rran-as-d isebdaden deg tegzirt n Delos; agellid n Bitinya, Nicomedes, yebna-yas-d daɣen asebdad i Mass-nsen. 26] Deg useggas n 143, lqedd nzzit n uzemmur n Numidya nettwazenz deg Tgelda Taṛumaniyt yuweḍ-d ɣer lqedd n yirden nettwazenz deg Tgelda Taṛumaniyt.

 
Numidya (deg uzegzaw) deg wazal-is ameqran deffir ma teṭṭef Sifaqs deg Tingitania d u tesεa n Bokkar.[29] Qerṭaj (Aɣellal). Tamurt n Maṣer (azegzaw). Tagduda n Ṛuma (Aɣellal).

Deg useggas n 200 UT, lεesker n Ṛuman yellan di Masidunya, yewwi-d 17,508 n hiktuliter n yirden n Numidya; deg useggas n 198 UT, lεesker n Ṛuman di tmurt n Legrik, yessuter-d daɣen lqedd-nni n yirden. Deg useggas n 191 UT, Ṛuma tewwi 26,262 hiktuliter n yirden d 21,885 hiktuliter n timẓin; tamurt n Legrik, deg useggas-nni, tewwi 43,770 hiktuliter n yirden d 26,262 hiktuliter n timẓin. Dɣa, deg useggas n 171 UT, lεesker n Ṛuman di tmurt n Masidunya, yewwi-d 87,540 n hiktuliter n yirden.

S ujemmal Ṛuma tessaweḍ-d ayen i d-iteddun[29]:

  • deg 200 UT: 14,000 n yiṭunen n yirden and 10,500 n tunin n yirden.
  • Deg 198 UT: 14,000 n yiṭunen n yirden.
  • Deg 191 UT: 56,000 n yiṭunen n yirden d 28,900 n tunin n yirden.
  • Deg 170 UT: 70,000 n yiṭunen n yirden.

Izwilen-a ţmettilen-d kan amur amectuḥ seg tɣawsiwin n tgelda n Mass-nsen. D ayen i d-ssaweḍ-ed i Ṛuma deg useggas n 170 UT, d ayen i d-yettbanen d aḥric kan seg wayen i texdem tgelda-s, acku yečča-t lḥal imi i s-tefka Ṛuma lexlaṣ ɣef yirden i sen-d-yefka deg useggas-nni. Deg tallit-nni, Mass-nsen ur εad yessali afus-is ɣef wakal-nni wakal igerzen i yeččuṛen d lɣella n Emporia (Tamnaḍt n ugafa-amalu n Libya n zik); s umata, timẓin i d lɣella tameqrant n tgelda-s, imi ttemɣin-tt deg wakal ifessusen d wakal n wedrar, imi d ayen ilaqen i tmenɣiwt-is.

Tasegda

ẓreg
 
Aẓekka Yuba II
 
Aẓekka n Thugga, Tunes.
 
imedɣasen

Isem-a "Tasegda n Tgelda Tanumidit" yettwasnulfa akken ad d-yessiwel ɣef yimedyaten n lbeni i bnan igelliden n Numidya.[30] llan deg-sen yiẓekwan, tiqbucin n lqaɛa d yiẓra i d-yettwasbedden ɣef uẓekka neɣ ɣef yiẓekwan, d yimukan n tẓallit. Kra n yimedyaten-nsen d aẓekka n Thugga, aẓekka n Sifaqs (Beni Rhenane, Lezzayer), aẓekka n Henchur Burgu deg Djerba (Tunes) akk d sin yiẓekwan yettwasnen s yisem n imedɣasen akked Uẓekka Yuba II.[30] Llan daɣen iseflawen i d-yettwabnan deg Chemtou neɣ Chimtou (tamdint tamaziɣt d taṛumiyt azal 20 km seg temdint n Jenduba Tunes deg tama n tlisa n Lezzayer) d Kbor Klib. Iẓekwan-a merra bnan-d deg temnaḍt i iḥkem Mass-nsen d tarwa-s.[30]

Isugan d tnezzut

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Numidya teṭṭef amur ameqran seg yisugan n Qerṭaj yettwassnen i yellan d yiwen seg wid yesɛan azal akk deg Yilel Agrakal. Cicero, amsarag aṛumi yettwassnen d umezruy, yenna-aɣ-d belli agellid n Numidya Mass-nsen yella yesɛa tagriwa n ṭṭrad akken ad iḥareb ɣef tnezzut-is. Deg yiwet n tmɛayt, tanawt n Mass-nsen tṛuḥ ɣer Malta yerna teṭṭef tigejdatin timeqqranin n yilef seg Lǧameɛ n Juno (yiwet n taṛebbit taṛumaniyt, d taɛessast d tnemhalt uslig n uwanak), tuɣal ɣer Numidya yerna ttefka-ten d arraz i Mass-nsen. Mi yeẓra ugellid ɣef laṣel n tmeɣra-nni, iheggad-d yiwet n tmeẓdit n xemsa n yiɣerruba, yerra-ten-id ɣer wanda i d-usan. Taqsiṭ-a tessewhamt teqqar-aɣ-d dakken mačči kan Mass-nsen i yesεan aṭas n lbabuṛat ara ixedmen ccɣel akken i s-yehwa, maca ula d taflukin-a llan ttilin deg beṛṛa n teftisin n Tefriqt ɣer Yilel Agrakal alemmas.

Amgarad n wid n Qerṭaj i yeggmen tadamsa ɣef wudem n Yegriken ɣer yiḥricen imeqqranen n Tefriqt n Ugafa, Mass-nsen yeldi tadamsa akked yemsenza f Giriken, Imaṣriyen, Iṣyuriyen akk-d akk-d yemsenza n Ṭṭelyan. Mass-nsen yella yettak-d i yimezdaɣ n Rudes asɣar d tzelɣa.[31] Deg Sirta, ufan-d aṭas n yimfuras n Rhode seg lqern wis sin u qbel n tallit-nneɣ, yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tira (Sodamos).[32]

Timselɣa

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  1. ↑ "Numidia". Livius. 23 Sep 2020. Aya yettwaṭṭef deg 2 ɣuct 2024.
  2. ↑ 2,0 et 2,1 Abed, Bakhta Moukraenta (2015). Les villes de l'Algérie antique Tome I: Au travers des sources arabes du Moyen Âge (Province de la Maurétanie Césarienne) (in French). Presses Académiques Francophones. p. 226. ISBN 978-3-8381-7852-3.
  3. ↑ Thomas M. Leonard (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-135-20508-9.
  4. ↑ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Aya yettwaṭṭef deg 16 fuṛar 2020.
  5. ↑ 5,0 et 5,1 Histoire des Romains depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la fin du règne des Antonins: Depuis les Gracques jusqu'à la fin du règne de Claude. Victor Duruy. Hachette et cie
  6. ↑ 6,0 et 6,1 Storia della Libia dai tempi piu' [i.e. più] remoti ad oggi: compendio. Muḥammad Masʻūd Fushaykah. Stabilimento poligrafico editoriale Maggi.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 et 7,2 Appian, Punica, 106
  8. ↑ 8,0 et 8,1 Historical Dictionary of Morocco Aomar Boum, Thomas K. Park Rowman & Littlefield
  9. ↑ 9,0 et 9,1 Villes et tribus du Maroc: documents et renseignements, Volume 7 Lmerruk. Direction des affaires indigènes: “Les rois indigènes . Bokkar . Au début du troisième siècle avant JésusChrist , le Maroc obéissait à Bokkar , qui résidait à Tanger , capitale du royaume , et qui était un lieutenant du roi de Numidie Syphax. En 202 avant Jésus - Christ , après la capture de Syphax , il devint le vassal de Massinissa” H. Champion
  10. ↑ 10,0 et 10,1 Histoire du Maroc Coissac de Chavrebière Payot: “ La guerre tourna à l'avantage de Massinissa , allié des Romains . Syphax fut fait prisonnier ( 202 ) et Bokkar devint le vassal du vainqueur . « Massinissa , dit St. Gsell , rêvà d'être pour la civilisation punique ce que le Macédonien...”
  11. ↑ 11,0 et 11,1 Le Maroc Prosper Ricard Hachette: “En 202 avant J.-C. , elle était la résidence , disent les Anciens , de Bokkar , roi du Maroc , lieutenant de Syphax le numide , vassal de Massinissa . En 105 avant J.-C. , Bokkus [ er , allié de Sylla , livre aux Romains son gendre”
  12. ↑ Tafriqt d tawennaḍt-is tuṛufit d tasyatit, Sɣur Jean Jolly, asebter 27 [1]
  13. ↑ Lezzayer 2011 Sɣur Jean-Paul Labourdette, Dominique Auzias, 54 [2]
  14. ↑ H.-G. Pflaum, anmezruy n timiḍi wis XX: igiten n timlilit tagraɣlant, Sɣur Ségolène Demougin, École pratique des hautes études (Fransa). Aḥric n tussniwin timezrayin d "philologiques", asebter 126 [3]
  15. ↑ Tasedkalt tameɣradit n umezruy d tarakalt, Ableɣ 1, asebter 841 [4]
  16. ↑ Ammud n tisunḍiwin d tikatutin n Timetti tasenzikt, Ableɣ 7, Sɣur Timetti tasenzikt n Tamnaḍt n Qsenṭina, P 17 [5]
  17. ↑ Tasɣunt tafriqit, Sɣur Timetti tamezrayt tazzayrit, asebter 402 [6]
  18. ↑ Tafriqt: Arram amatu n Tafriqt taqdimt, Sɣur Avezac (Marie Armand Pascal, M. d'), Jean Yanoski, Louis Lacroix, Dureau de La Malle (Adolphe Jules César Auguste, M.), asebter 182 [7]
  19. ↑ Numida and Nomas
  20. ↑ Camps, Gabriel (1979). "Les Numides et la civilisation punique". Antiquités africaines (in French). 14 (1): 43–53. doi:10.3406/antaf.1979.1016.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 et 21,2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Numidia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 868–869.
  22. ↑ UNESCO (1996-12-31). History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-102812-0.
  23. ↑ Chaker, Salem (2013-06-01). "Onomastique libyco-berbère (Anthroponymie)". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (35): 5760–5779. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2816. ISSN 1015-7344.
  24. ↑ 24,0 et 24,1 Sallust (c. 40 BCE), Ṭṭrad n Yugar-iten XI–XIII.
  25. ↑ Telford, Lynda (2014). Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473834507.
  26. ↑ Law 2002, p. 199.
  27. ↑ Roller 2003, pp. 92–93 and n. 12.
  28. ↑ Erdkamp, Paul (3 November 2005). The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political and Economic Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44768-3.
  29. ↑ Livius, Titus (1882). Oeuvres de Tite-Live: Histoire romaine avec la traduction en français. Livres XXVII à XLV (s tefransist). Firmin-Didot.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 et 30,2 Quinn, J. (2013). Monumental power: ‘Numidian Royal Architecture’ in context. In J. Prag & J. Quinn (Eds.), The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean (pp. 179-215). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139505987.008
  31. ↑ Gsell, Stéphane (1929). Histoire d'Algérie: S[tephane] Gsell-G. Marçais-G. Yver. Ouvrage illustré de grav. hors texte (s tefransist). Boivin.
  32. ↑ Antiquités africaines (s tefransist). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 2005. ISBN 978-2-271-06342-7.
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