Tafrikt
Taferka neɣ Tafriqt neɣ Tafrikt d amenẓaw ameqran wis sin yakk deg umadal, ama deg tjumma neɣ deg wemdan n imezdaɣ seld n Asya. Tajumma-ines tessawaṭ alamma d 30.2 n imelyan n ikilumitren (11.7 mil², neɣ ayen yegdan 6% seg tjumma n tegnit neɣ 20,4% seg tjumma n wakal.[3]), Tajumma ayi tegber tigzirin i d-izgan zdat-s. S unect n usteg n 2016, Taferka zedɣent wazal n 1,2 n imelyaren n yimdanen (ayen yegdan 14,8% seg yimezdaɣ n umadal zedɣen deg 61 n tmura d temnaṭin.
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| Tajumma | 30,370,000 km2 (11,730,000 sq mi) (2nd) |
|---|---|
| Imezdaɣ | 1,225,080,510[1] (2016; 2nd) |
| Tineẓẓi n imezdaɣ | 36,4/km2 (94/sq mi) |
| AMF (nominal) | $2.45 trillion (2019; 5th)[2] |
| AMF (PPP) | $7.16 trillion (2019; 5th)[2] |
| GDP per capita | $1,930 (2019; 6th)[2] |
| Asayla (Demonym) | African |
| Timura | 54 (and 2 disputed) |
| Tiglin |
External (1)
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| Tutlayin | 1250–3000 native languages |
| Izdi imiran | UTC-1 to UTC+4 |
| Largest cities | Largest Urban Areas: |
Ittales-d Taferka yilel agrakal seg ugafa, d targa n Swis yakked yilel azeggaɣ seg ugafa asemran, ma swg usamer d unẓul asemran ittales-itt-id ugaraw ahendi, d ugaraw anaṭlas seg utaram. Taferka tegber seg 54 n tmura, gar-asent tigzirt n Madagaskar d waṭas n tegzirin am Kumur.
Imusnawen n tesnakalt ttwalin Taferka (aladɣa Taferka tasemrant) d aẓaṛ amezwar ansa i d-yekka ufgan yerna s-yina i d-tebda tseklut n telsanin, anda i d-ufan tidefrin timzikin yakk i ttemcabin i wemdan, gar-asent tid-ak yettuɣalen ɣer 7 n imelyan n iseggasen yezrin am Sahelanthropus tchadensis d Australopithecus d Homo erectus d Homo ergaster yakk d tedfrin timzikin yakk n ufgan yettuɣalen ɣer 200.000 n iseggasen i d-ittusnirmen di tmurt n Ityupya.
Asebges ittekk-d seg tlemmast n Tferka, dɣa deg-s aṭas n tamiwin tinazwayin yemgaraden.
Igduden n Tefrikt
ẓregIgduden n Tefrikt ṭṭuqten (ggten) macci d kra, seg Yimaziɣen ɣer Yimaṣriyen n wass-a, arraw n Yimaṣriyen iqburen, ɣer Yinubiyen d Yityupiyen, ɣer Yiwulufen d Yizuluten. Ulac amkan ur neɣmir (neccur) ara di Tefrikt. Qrib yal tamurt tesɛa timerwin (dizaines) n yegduden, merra sɛan tutlayin-nsen, ansayen d yidelsan-nsen d waṭas n tɣawsiwin nniḍen ara yelmed fell-asen umaḍal neɣ igduden-is merra.
Deg Ugafa n Tefrikt, imezdaɣen ineṣliyen d Imaziɣen, d nitni ay d amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen taɛrabt neɣ/ akk d Tefransist. Imaziɣen egan-d tilas i wakal d ameqran, yewwet seg wemda n Siwa, deg Utaram (lɣerb) n Maṣer alamma alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muritanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen ay d agdud n Tefrikt awḥid ay d-iḥerren anect-agi n wakal, imi amur ameqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akk d yegduden nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttumḍanen d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen. Aṭas n Yimaziɣen ay d-mazal la ttmeslayen tamaziɣt, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ay d-yennulfan i wakken ad wwtent u ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) ay ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mxallafent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ad msefhament wagar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mxallafent tentalyin-nsent. Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d Uneɣruf (Sahara), d acu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen ay yellan ɣef (af) yiri n nnger, la ten-ttağğan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara azal d leqder. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tmiwa n Tmazɣa, medden la tt-ttağğan, ilmeẓyen ur a ttlemmden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s uɣiwel i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-ya.
Akal n Yimaziɣen, seg wakken meqqer aramma ay yewweḍ ɣer wul n Tefrikt. D Imuhaɣ neɣ Imucaɣ ay d tarbaɛt n Yimaziɣen ay yesɛan akal meqqren akk, xas akken ur ṭṭuqqten ara. Akal-nsen d Aneẓruf (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Niger, atg.), yernu imi ay zgan leḥḥun, ttruḥun nitni d lmal-nsen seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ, wwḍen ɣer waṭas n tmiwa di Tefrikt. Imuhaɣ xulḍen aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay ten-id-iqerben, nitni fkan-asen u wwin-d aṭas seg-sen. Ass-a, nezmer ad naf Imuhaɣ di Niger d Mali, am wakken ay nezmer ad naf kra n trebbaɛ-nsen di Čad, Burkina Faso akk d Nigeria. Deg wenẓul n Uneẓruf (Niger akk d Mali), aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay yettidiren ɣer tama n Yimuhaɣ, nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sen Ibambaraten, Ifularen akk d Yisarakuliyen. Kra seg yegduden-agi kessen lmal am Yimuhaɣ, di lweqt i deg wiyaḍ xeddmen tafellaḥt. Yuɣ lḥal, akal n wenẓul n Uneẓruf ɛeddan deg-s yisafen, d aya ay t-yerran d agilal, meḥsub yelha i tfellaḥt. Nnig waya, isafen n tama-yagi ldin diɣ iberdan i waṭas n yegduden i wakken ad xeddmen tanezzawt (ttjara), ad znuzun u ad ttaɣen d yegduden merra ay ten-id-iqerben. Idyulaten n Burkina Faso, Côte ḍIvoire akk d Senegal d yiwen seg yegduden n Tefrikt Taɣerbit ay yettwassnen s tnezzawt.
Tafrikt Umalu
ẓregDi lɣerb, igduden ay yettidiren ɣef yiri n Ugaraw Aṭlasi lhan-d s waṭas d ṣṣyada n yiselman. Imuriṭaniyen (laṣel-nsen d Imaziɣen) d yegduden n yiri n lebḥer n Senegal ttwassnen s ṣṣyada. Di Tefrikt Taɣerbit llant waṭas n tmura yesɛan tiẓegwa timeqranin. D acu kan, tiẓegwa n Tefrikt ɛemrent. Zik, igduden ay izedɣen tiẓegwa-yagi llan la ttidiren s ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen d tukksa n wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Ass-a, aṭas deg yegduden-agi ay yeǧǧan aya. Di tmiwa-yagi diɣ, igduden Ifriqiyen sbedden-d aṭas n tgeldiyin (royaumes), yernu asmi ay bdan la d-ttawḍen Wurufiyen ɣer Tefrikt, di lqern wis 15, aṭas si tgeldiyin-agi ay yellan la xeddment tanezzawt (ttjara) d Wurufiyen. Tageldit n ɣana (ay d-sbedden Wacantiyen) tella tettwassen s ddheb-yines, yernu aṭas n tgeldiyin tifriqiyin n tama-yagi ay yellan la znuzuyent aklan (ay d-ttaṭṭafent si tmiwa nniḍen) i Wurufiyen i wakken ad ten-awin ad ten-sxedmen di Marikan. Yuɣ lḥal, amur ameqran deg yiberkanen yellan ass-a di Marikan laṣel-nsen si Tefrikt Taɣerbit.
Tafrikt Usamer
ẓreg
Di Tefrikt Tacerqit, llan waṭas n yegduden ay yettmeslayen tutlayin tisamiyin d tutlayin tikuciyin. Tutlayin tisamiyin d tawacult n tutlayin i deg nezmer ad naf taɛrabt d tutlayin yettemcabin ɣur-s, am tɛebrit (hébreu) neɣ tafiniqit n zik. D acu kan, menɣir taɛrabt (ay ttmeslayen di tmura am Ssudan, Ǧibuti d Iritirya), tutlayin tisamiyin n Tefrikt nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tamharit d ttigrinyat (ttmeslayen-tent di Ityupya d Iritirya). Igduden n tmiwa-yagi, xas d iberkanen (neɣ d imibriken), maca ḍebɛen, imi lejdud-nsen, di laṣel, llan d imellalen ay ixelḍen d iberkanen. Igduden-agi daɣen lhan-d d tfellaḥt akk d tkessawt, yemxallaf wacu xeddmen ɣef leḥsab n wakal i deg ttidiren. Wid yettmeslayen tutlayin tikuciyin ttidiren di tama tameṭṭarfut n Tefrikt tacerqit, tama-nni umi qqaren Iccew n Tefrikt, u ad naf gar-asen Iṣumaliyen, ay d-yelhan ladɣa s tkessawt n wakraren.
Di Tefrikt Talemmast akk d ccerq n Tefrikt Tasebgast (équatoriale), llan yizaɣaren d imeqranen yernu d izegzawen. Imezdaɣen n tmiwa-ya lhan-d d tkessawt n yezgaren. Agdud yettwassnen s tkessawt-agi d Imasayen n Kenya d Tanzanya. Imasayen ttwassnen s lqedd-nsen aɛlayan d uceṭṭiḍ-nni azewwaɣ ay settwen, itteṣṣer-iten si tgecrar alamma d idmaren. Aṭas n Yimasayen ay d-mazal la ttidiren tudert-nni n zik, teddun d yezgaren-nsen deg yizaɣaren-nni anda ay d-mazal la ttidiren waṭas n yiɣersiwen iweḥciyen. Maca Imasayen uɣen tanumi d yiɣersiwen-agi, yernu ula d izmawen ttagaden-ten, ur ttqerriben ara ɣer lmal-nsen.
Kenya akk d Tanzanya sɛant akal igerrzen i tfellaḥt, yernu amur ameqran seg yegduden n tmiwa-yagi ttidiren seg wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Ikikuyuten d yiwen wegdud n Kenya, zik llan sɛan aṭas n wakal, ḥerren-t-id s yiɣil-nsen, yernu llan sɛan ddewla teǧhed. Asmi ay d-wwḍen Yebriṭaniyen ɣer Kenya, di tgara n lqern wis 19, kksen-asen akal-nsen, ama i nitni, ama i yegduden nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, igduden-agi, arraw n wakal, gguman ad ssusmen u gan ṭṭrad meqqren i wakken ad ssuffɣen imsehres (colonisateur) si tmurt-nsen. Igduden yettidiren ɣef yiri n Ugaraw Ahendi, si tama-nsen, čudd tudert-nsen ɣer lebḥer (am wid-nni Tefrikt Taɣerbit), maca nnig waya, igduden-agi ttwassnen s ttjara-nsen taqdimt akk d Waɛraben. Amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n tefsirin (côtes) n Tefrikt Tacerqit d Inselmen, yernu ttmeslayen yiwet n tutlayt umi qqaren taswaḥilit, yis-s ay ttemsefhamen ula akk d yegduden ifriqiyen nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, taswaḥilit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Kenya akk d Tanzanya, yernu nezmer ad d-nini dakken tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant i yes ttemsefhamen waṭas n yegduden di Tefrikt Tacerqit d Tefrikt Tasebgast (équatoriale).
Ul n Tefrikt Tasebgast yella zik yeččur d tiẓegwa. Timiwa-yagi ttwassnent s Yefɣulen. Wigi d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tmiwa-yagi. Xas ma yella zik, tamurt-nsen meqqret (tiẓegwa n Tefrikt Talemmast, Zaïre, Kamirun, atg.), ass-a, ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi ay d-yeqqimen deg-sen, imi aṭas n lumur ay ten-icewwlen. Ifɣulen d imecṭaḥ, ur ttimɣuren ara. Imeqranen deg-sen sɛɛan azal n lmitra d wezgen di teɣzi. Maci d aḍḍan ay uḍnen, wanag akka kan ay tga ccetla-nsen. Zik, medden llan ttewḥacen-ten imi ay d imeẓyanen yernu ttidiren kan di tẓegwa, anda ay ttṣeggiden ayen tetten. Ass-a, idles-nsen atan la inegger yernu yessefk ad d-rren medden lwelha-nsen ɣur-sen.
Madagascar
ẓregAmur ameqran deg yegduden n tegzirt n Madagaskar ṣubben-d seg Yindunisiyen. Xas ma yella Indunisya d tamurt ibeɛden ɣef Tefrikt, maca, di lqern wis 4 mbeɛd n Ɛisa, wwḍen-d kra n yemdanen si Indunisya ɣer tegzirt-agi tameqrant, u tneṣṣlen dinna alamma ay d asmi ay ten-id-ufan Waɛraben u uɣalen la xeddmen yid-sen tanezzawt (ttjara). Imalgaciyen ay izedɣen deg yidurar n tegzirt-agi mazal ttemcabin s waṭas di ṣṣifa ɣer Yindunisiyen, yernu tutlayt tamalgacit si twacult n tutlayin tustruniziyin ay ttmeslayen di Asya, am tindunisit.
Tafrikt tanẓulant
ẓreg
Di Tefrikt tanẓulant (australe), llan waṭas n yegduden, nezmer ad ten-nebḍu ɣef snat n trebbaɛ timeqranin. Llan yegduden iqdimen n tama-ya, ur ṭṭuqqten ara, kra deg-sen qrib ad negren, ttidiren di lɣerb n Tefrikt n Wenẓul (Afrique du Sud), Namibya d Botswana. Timiwa i deg ttidiren yegduden-agi d aneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra), kkawent, qrib ur d-imeqqi deg-sent wacemma. Mazal kra seg yegduden-agi la ttidiren tudert n zik, ttṣeggiden-d neɣ ttekksen-d ayen ara ččen seg wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Igduden-agi qqaren-asen Ibucmanen. Isem-agi yekka-d si teglizit „Bushmen“ (San), meḥsub „imdanen n lexla“, maca Ibucmanen bḍan ɣef wacḥal n yegduden d teqbilin, yal agdud yesɛan tutlayt-is.
Llan diɣ yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin tibantutin, gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder Izuluten. Asmi ay d-wwḍen Wurufiyen (européens) ɣer tmiwa-yagi, naqal ṭṭfen kan ciṭṭ n wakal ɣef yiri n ill (sea). D acu kan, asmi ay bdan la keccmen ɣer daxel n tmurt, bdan la ttnaɣen d Yefriqiyen u gan deg-sen lbaṭel d ameqran. Asmi ay tewwi Tefrikt n Wenẓul azarug-yines (indépendance), lḥukuma tamellalt n tmurt-agi tesbedd-d leqwanin i yes tebɣa ad tebḍu ger n Yiberkanen d Yimellalen. Igduden iberkanen qqlen ttwaɛɛezlen ɣer tmiwa anda akal diri-t, yernu ttalasen kan ad d-kecmen ɣer tmiwa n yimellalen i wakken ad xedmen. Asmi ay s-d-bran i Nelson Mandela si lḥebs di 1990, yernu yuɣal d aselway aberkan amezwaru n Tefrikt n Wenẓul, ifuk lbaṭel-nni ay iɛezlen iberkanen. Maca imellalen n Tefrikt n Wenẓul cewwlen ugar (aṭas) igduden iberkanen n tmurt-agi deg yiseggasen-nni n lbaṭel d wayen n diri, yernu later n ccwal-agi mazal-it ar ass-a.
Igduden imaziɣen
ẓreg
Ass-a, mi ara d-nini Tafrikt, amur ameqran di medden fehhmen-tt (gezun-tt) d timura-nni ay d-yuzgan deg wenẓul (south) n Uneɛruf (Sahara), tid-nni anda ay ttidiren yiberkanen, am Niger, Mali akk d Nigeria. Imezdaɣen n Tefrikt n Ugafa neɣ Tamazɣa ruḥen amzun ttsetḍin ad d-inin dakken ula d nitni d Ifriqiyen, acku nitni d imellalen. D acu kan, llant kra n tɣawsiwin s wazal-nsen, yessefk ad asent-nger tamawt deg weḍris-agi.
Tamenzut, Tafrikt d amenẓaw (continent) anda ay mlalen yimellalen d yiberkanen, ulac akk tilisa gar-asen. Akken ay s-yeqqar yiwen n Urumi : “Di Tefrikt ulac iberkanen”, ira ad yini, din medden akk d imdanen, ulac aberkan d umellal. Nezmer ad naf iberkanen di Ldzayer, deg Wenẓul n Tunes d Libya d Merruk. Nnig waya, llan aṭas seg yiberkanen-agi d Imaziɣen, mazal ar ass-a ssawalen tamaziɣt (Tamaceɣt). Anect-a yesskan-d dakken si zîk, yella yiel (jjwağ ger n Yimaziɣen d yegduden iberkanen ay d-ufan di tmiwa n Uneɛruf Ameqran (Sahara), asmi ay bdan lejdud-nneɣ la d-ttawḍen ɣer Tefrikt. Niger akk d Mali, xas ma yella ssnen-tent medden dakken d “timura n yiberkanen“, maca yessefk ad ɣren dakken llan deg-sent ula d imellalen (Imaziɣen Imuriyen, Aɛraben, atg.).
Tis snat, deg Wegles (Antiquité), d tamurt n Yimaziɣen iw-umi llan ssawalen yegduden n (ill) agrakal “Tafrikt”, yernu d Imaziɣen iw-umi egan isem (eganassag) “Ifrikiyen”. Yagi, isem n Tefrikt s timmad-is yekka-d si tmaziɣt. Anect-a ad t-tafem deg usebter ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef yisem n Tefrikt.
Tis krad, dɣa tagi d tanqiḍt yesɛan azal meqqren, Tamazɣa d amur si Tefrikt. Timura n Lezzayer, Merruk, Libya, Tunes d Muritanya merra d timura n Tefrikt, am wakken Fransa d Lalman d Briṭanya Tameqrant d timura n Turuft. A win yufan, Ifriqiyen merra, ama d wid n Ugafa neɣ d wid n tmura n wenẓul, yessefk ad tezzin iman-nsen ttidiren deg yiwen n umenẓaw, deg yiwen n wakal, yernu, lemmer di yelli wamek, ad myussanen ukk ad mekken afus xir n wakken llan tura, akken myussanen u ttemɛawanen Wurufiyen wagar-asen ass-a. Anect-a yezmer ad as-ibeddel udem i Tefrikt ukk ad tt-iɛiwen ugar i wakken ad d-teffeɣ seg wuguren i deg tettidir ass-a.
Timura n Tafrikt
ẓregTimura n Tafrikt ugafa
ẓreg| Tamurt d acnyal ness | Tajumma ( km² ) | Imezdaɣ ( 2016 - CIA World factbook ) | Taneẓẓi ( s km² ) | Tamaneɣt |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Dzayer
|
2 381 741 | 39 542 166 | 16,6 | Dzayer |
 Maṣer
|
1 001 450 | 88 487 396 | 88,3 | Taqahirt |
 Libya
|
1 759 540 | 6 411 776 | 3,6 | Ṭrables |
 Ameṛṛuk
|
446 550 | 33 322 699 | 74,6 | Rbaṭ |
 Sudan
|
1 886 068 | 36 108 853 | 19,4 | Xerṭum |
 Tunes
|
163 610 | 11 037 225 | 67,4 | Tunes |
Tamselyut
ẓreg- Sɣur Omar Mouffok Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine.
| Imenẓawen n Umaḍal | |||
 Tamrikt |
 Turuft |
 Tafriqt | |
 Asya |
 Tagarawt |
 Antarktik | |
- ↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 et 2,2 "IMF (WEO April 2019 Edition) GDP nominal and PPP data – international dollar".
- ↑ Sayre April Polly. (1999) Taferka، Idlisen n tsut tis 21 ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.