Anagraw afukan
Anagraw afuyan neɣ Uḏus afuyan ḏ-yiwen unagraw amṯiwgan igebren seg ṯfuyṯ ed wayen akk yettezzin fell-as am tegnit d yimtiwgen niden, akken daɣen i yegber seg tfekkiwin tigennawin meẓẓiyen am yimtiwgen igezlanen d iseffuden d yismilen yakk d ugedṛur anamdal, akken daɣen illan imṭafaren n yimtiwgen yettusemman s wayyur,[tamawt 1] anda llan ugar n 150 n wayyuren yettwassnen deg unagraw anafuk, amur ameqran deg-sen tezzin ɣef yimtiwgen icafcalen n ugaz. Maca tafekka tameqqṛant yakk deg unagraw anafuk tga d tafukt igan d itri i d-izgan deg tlemmast n unagraw yerna i teqqen igmamen d tfekkiwin n unagraw-a s teldayt-is, anda takura-ines tewweṭ ɣer 99,9 n tkura n unagraw-a s timmad-is. Akken i tga d aɣbalu agejdan i tafat d weẓɣal ittaǧǧan tudert tezmer ad tili deg tegnit, deffir n tfukt ttasen-d 8 n yimtiwgen s umizwar (s unect n wyggug ɣef tfukt): Merkur (neɣ Aziweɣ), Tatrit, Tagnit, Mezweɣ (Imtiwgen ineẓruyen) yakk d Yebter, Awihad neɣ Asturn, Uṛanus, Niptun (yimtiwgen icafcalen n ugaz).
Llant waṭas n tfekkiwin tinafukin i yezmer wemdan ad ten-tt-iẓer s wallen-is (anagar Tafukt d wayyur) am Merkur, Tatrit, Mezweɣ, Yebder yakk d uwihad akken i zemrent wallen n wemdan ad ẓṛent ula d kra n izunyuren yettfeǧǧiǧen[tamawt 2] yakk d yismilen imazrayen neɣ iseffuden anda i yezmer wemdan ad ten-iẓer mi ara ad kecmen ɣef tegnawt n tegnit w ad ṛɣen sin akin ad ssegren usuɣen. S tmerniwt ɣer wanect-a, snulfu n wemsaddas (atiliskup) d win yeǧǧan amdan yezmer ad iẓer aṭas n tfekkiwin niden ur yezmir ara ad ten-tt-iẓer s wallen.
Imir-a, amur ameqran n imesnallunen ttɣilen d akken udus anafuk d win i d-ilulen send n 4,6 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen seg yiwen n usigna acafcal n igazen d igedṛuren yettwassnen s usignew anafuk. S unect n teẓri ayi, Asignew-a yebda-d s uɣelluy ɣef yiman-is s usrag (ssebba) n teldayt-is anda adad-is agensuy yella ur yezmir ara ad tt-yezbu.
Asnirem d tamusni n wudus anafuk
ẓregI yigiman (luluf) n iseggasen, imdanen llan ttɣilen d akken tagnit i d-ammas n usedday yerna tbedd deg wadeg-is akken i d-temgarad ɣef tfekkiwin tinallunin niden, ɣas ma yella ufelsaf Anegrik Aristark n Samus iɣil d akken d tafukt i d ammas n usedday.[1]
Nikola Kopernik d amezwaru yesneflin tamudemt tamusnakt ɣef tisselmest n tfukt d wudus anafuk. deffir-s deg tsut tis 17, Galileo Galilei d Isaac Newton d Johannes Kepler gan d wid i d-isneflin irmawen isengamen, ayen yeǧǧan ad ldin abrid i wakken ad tettwiddeg (ad tettwaqbel) tekti n tuzzya n tegnit ɣef tfukt, yakk d akken imtiwgen d wid i kellun s isudaf isengamen s wacu tkellu tegnit. Sin akin deg tallit-a tatrart, asnulfu n yimsaddasen d win yeldin iberdan i wesnirem n tumanin tisnakalin am yidurar d tkucin timnaggasin yakk d tumanin n tesnignewt am usigna.
Tamuski n wudus anafuk
ẓregTafukt tgebber asger agejdan deg unagraw anafuk, anda i tga d itri yeṭṭafaren asesmel atraw G2, Takura-ines tessiliɣ-d 99,86 seg tkura n unagraw anafuk akken i d-tɣemmer ɣef umussu n tegrawt s usrag n teldayt-is.[2] ma d takura n yimtiwgen igaziyen (Yebter, Awihad, Uṛanus, Niptun) ssiliɣen-d 99% n tkura i d-igran seg unagraw anafuk, dɣa Yebter d uwihad iman-nsen ssiliɣen-d 90% seg tkura n 4 n yimtiwgen igaziyen.[c]
Amur ameqqran n tfekkiwin timeqqṛanin itezzin ɣef tfukt mmersent ɣef weswir n tegnit yettwasemman Ecliptic , acku imyiwgen udsen s waṭas ɣer ukala n tfukt ma d ismilen d tfekkiwin n ubaggus n Kuiper ttilin (deg tuget n tegnatin) mmersen deg tɣemrin meqqren s waṭas ɣef ukala n tfukt.[3][4] imtiwgen yakk d wamur ameqran n tfekkiwin tezzin ɣef tfukt yakk d tnila n tuzzya n tfukt ɣef yiman-is. Maca llant kra n tsurifin amedya deg wayen yezzin ɣef wesmil n Halley yakk d yimtiwgen niden (anagar tatrit d Uṛanus).
Asileɣ d temhazt
ẓregAnagraw anafuk d win i yemmugen s usrag n uɣelluy deg teldayt n usignew axeclawan acafcal send n 4,568 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen.[5] Yerna ahat asignew-a d win izegren i waṭas n ifawatayen akken daɣen i yezmer ad yili yettekka deg tlallit n waṭas n yitran.[6]
Tamnaṭ deg wanda i d-issemti usileɣ n unagraw anafuk tettwassen s usignew n tfukt azwaran,[7] ass mi i d-trab tugeẓ ɣef wuntum amussay ayen i d-tiǧǧan ad tezzi s urured meqqren. Sin akin yemsegraw wamur ameqran n tkura deg wammas yerna tuli teẓɣelt-is (ammas-nni) anda taseddart n weẓɣal n wammas-nni tuɣal d tin yugaren taseddaṛt n weẓɣal n tseɣleyt n tagra.[6] u yal mi ara ad yenɣes usignew, ad yernu seg tuzzya alammi i yebda yettuɣal am tagra tamtiwgant tamazzayt s ukdu n 200 tiggtin tisnallunin w ad yegri itrazwaran aẓeɣlan deg wammas.[8][9] Dɣa imusnawen ttɣilen d akken tafukt deg tallit-a tella d itri T tauri. Tizrawin ɣef yitran T tauri mmalent-d d akken-iten teddun-d yakk d tagra n tnegwa n umtiweg azwaran s tkura imalen gar n 0.001 ɣer 0.1 seg tkura tanafukt, anecta yesskanay-d d akken tuget seg tkura n usignew teqqim deg yitri-nni yakan.[10] sin akin nnulfan-d yimtiwgen seg unerni n tagra ayyi [11]
Deg 50 n imelan n iseggasen, adad d tneẓẓi n uhidṛujin deg wul n yitri amzawar yuɣal d win yugten s tfesna ara ad yeǧǧen tisedmirin n wezday aɣisan ad ssemtint.[12] taẓɣelt d yisir n tisedmirt d wadad d tneẓẓi d wid yernan alammi iwwṭen ɣer wagaz n umnekni ahidṛustatik anda tafasa taẓeɣlawt tuɣal tessegdal tadusi n teldayt ayen yeǧǧan tafukt deg tallity ad teṭfer asesmel n welkam.[13]
Tafukt yellan deg wass-a ad teqqim alamma tbda tmehhez s unect n usesmel n Hertzsprung-Russell, acku mi ara ad tfak yakk tumast-is tahedrujint tajummant ad yader usafaɣ n tfasa ayen ara ad yeglun s waqqaf n tfukt ɣef yiman-is, ayen yettaǧǧan adad d teẓɣelt ad rnun deg weɣyay-is. s usrag n wanect-a yakk, tamhalt n truɣi d tin yettruruden akken irennu wesfijjej-is s wazal n 10% deg yal 1,1 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen.[14]
Seld n wazal n 5,4 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen seg tura, Ahidṛujin yakk illan deg wul n weɣyay n tfukt ad yuɣal d ahilium s wakka ad tfak tallit n welkam agejdan mi ara ad fakkent tsedmirin n uhidṛujin. Aɣyay ad yettwaseqqef ugar i wakken ad yernu wadad d teẓɣelt sin akin ad ilint tsedmirin tiɣisanin i whilium itṛuɣen deg weɣyay deg tseddart n wezɣal yeflalen (ɛlayen) i wakken ad yiɣur usafaɣ aẓɣlaw s waṭas ɣef wanect ig yella deg tallit n welkam agejdan, Dɣa deg tallit-a, tissi tuffiɣt n tfukt d tin yettihriwen s wazal n 260 n tikkal seg ukdu-ines agejdan i wakken ad ad tuɣal tfukt d acafcal azeggaɣ s usrag n tmerniwt tameqqṛant deg tjumma n tiggi-inesmaca taẓɣelt-is d tin ara ad yadren s waṭas ɣef wanect yella deg tallit n welkam agejdan (kra n 2600° C).[15].Deg taggara, ahilium ad ifakk w ad yettwačč deg weɣyay ugar n uhidṛujin d tseddart anda timerɣiwt n uhilium tesgensis amur meẓẓiyen seg wakud n tmerɣiwt n uhidṛujin. yerna acku tafukt ur meqqer ara s wayen ara ad yeǧǧen ad tili timerɣiwt n iferdisen iẓayanen seg uhilium, anecta igellu-d s tdersi n tsedmirt taɣisant deg wul n tfukt d unesses n tissi tuffiɣt ɣer tallunt i wakken ad tegri tfukt d agezlan amellal s tneẓẓi yeflalen (ɛlayen), s wakka ad tili (tfukt) s wezgen n tkura-ines taẓaṛant yakk d ubleɣ yegdan ableɣ n tegnit [16], ma d tissiwin tunessisin ssiliɣent-d asignew amtiwgan ma d kra seg tnegwa i d-issilɣen yakan tafukt ttuɣalent d tinegwa tigratrawin.
Tafukt
ẓregAmmas agramtiweg
ẓregTifekkiwin n unagraw anafuk
ẓregAnagraw anafuk agensuy
ẓregAnagraw anafuk uffiɣ
ẓregDeffir n Niftun
ẓregTamiwin timaggagin
ẓregAssedɣer amaẓallaw
ẓregAnarag n wudus anafuk
ẓregUdusen inafuken niden
ẓregẒeṛ daɣen
ẓregImniren
ẓreg
Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Des balises <ref> existent pour un groupe nommé « tamawt », mais aucune balise <references group="tamawt"/> correspondante n’a été trouvée
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ . doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ . doi:10.1006/icar.1996.5637. Unknown parameter
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A. Bouvier and M. Wadhwa. "The age of the solar system redefined by the oldest Pb-Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion." Nature Geoscience, in press, 2010. Doi: 10.1038/NGEO941 - ↑ 6,0 et 6,1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ . doi:10.1126/science.1101979. PMID 15637266. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ M. Momose, Y. Kitamura, S. Yokogawa, R. Kawabe, M. Tamura, S. Ida (2003). "Investigation of the Physical Properties of Protoplanetary Disks around T Tauri Stars by a High-resolution Imaging Survey at lambda = 2 mm" (PDF). In Ikeuchi, S., Hearnshaw, J. and Hanawa, T. (eds.) (ed.). The Proceedings of the IAU 8th Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting, Volume I. 289. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. p. 85. Unknown parameter
|azemz n ufaylu=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|akala n ufaylu=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link) - ↑ . doi:10.1086/429160. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ . doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x. Unknown parameter
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